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Jobs in the auto parts industry U S are at risk because of Chinese auto parts subsidized and unfair.
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The automotive manufacturing sector is the second largest employer among all manufacturing industries in the United States, and parts and auto tires contribute the most direct jobs almost two-thirds or more motor vehicle sector 1 in all 50 states, there June 1 million jobs directly or indirectly supported by the manufacture of auto parts and tires of the auto parts industry.
Although American automakers have recovered strongly since the government has contributed to the restructuring of General Motors and Chrysler in 2009 with sales up Jan. 29 percent that do not translate into a parts industry recovery automotive US, as indicated by the most available of concern to US employment measure 2 workers Since the deepest point of the recession in 2009, the auto parts industry in the United States has regained only 60 000 jobs, an increase of 13 8 percent Bureau of Labor Statistics 2011 this gain is far from what is needed to erase years of losses the United States has lost more than 400,000 direct jobs in auto parts between November 2000 and November of 2011.
Auto sales since the depths of the recession have increased more than twice as fast as employment in auto parts in part because of the rapid growth of imported auto parts in China the fastest growing source of imports of auto parts U S.
Exports of Chinese auto parts rose more than 900 percent from 2000 to 2010, largely because the Chinese central and local governments heavily subsidize the industry of auto parts of the country; they provided $ 27 5 billion subsidies between 2001 and 2010 Haley 2012 many of these subsidies are prohibited by the World Trade Organization Stewart, et al 2012 In addition, auto parts manufacturers in China benefit from currency manipulation illegal China, reducing the cost of Chinese auto parts by 25 to 30 percent Scott 2011b, 2 other 3 countries in Asia, such as Japan and South Korea, also manipulate their currencies and used to other unfair trade policies of illegally promoting the sale of auto parts in addition, Japan is one of the most closed in the world for automotive parts in the United States due to the influence of his Kieretsu groups auto supplier markets, networks lock affiliated suppliers to each of the major Japanese automakers.

Such unfair trade policies and actions constitute a threat to future employment in the auto parts industry in the United States and in fact the entire automotive sector While it is obviously unlikely that the whole industry disappear, it is fair to say that each of the parts self-employment United States is individually threatened by China's unfair trade practices.
It does not be that way if the United States and its partners in the North American Free Trade Agreement Canada and Mexico trade deficits with China in auto parts, Japan, Germany and the South Korea country that actively manage commercial auto and parts trade surpluses with China in auto parts every year since 2005 in contrast to NAFTA, automakers from Japan, Germany and South Korea continued to press and maintain auto parts suppliers with their own US domestic markets need to learn and in the Emulate countries like Germany that have the effective and legal trade and industrial policies.
This report documents the scale of employment in the US auto parts industry including auto parts and tires to show the broad potential impact of unfair trade competition and the US failure to exploit trade policies effective.
Despite recent growth, the motor industry vehicle US is still behind the sales of motor industry vehicle Total U in 2011 were 48 1 percent below sales in 2000 due to the decline in aggregate demand and loss significant long-term market share.
The US auto parts industry is particularly vulnerable US trade deficit in auto parts is increased from 9 to 5 billion in 2000 to 31 2 billion in 2010, exports support US jobs, but imports replace domestic production that would support the domestic employment; and, on balance, trade deficits tend to increase unemployment in all other factors constant in the economy.
The auto parts US industry is threatened by Chinese auto parts very practical subsidized imports from China have caused auto parts in the US trade deficit with China to further increase, in total, the auto parts the United States trade deficit with other countries in 2010, the trade deficit in auto parts in the United States with China reached 9 1 billion nearly a third on March 29 percent of the total auto parts to States US trade deficit.

The rapid growth of imports of subsidies and unfair auto parts from China threatens all jobs in both supported directly and indirectly by the auto parts industry in the United States In 2010, US imports of tires and auto parts from China exceeded exports of these products to the country of 725 percent.
potential job losses in the states are important The 10 most vulnerable states, as measured by total employment in the auto parts industry in 2009 are 249.989 jobs Michigan, Ohio 189.039 jobs, Indiana 132.769 jobs, 98.748 jobs Illinois , Tennessee jobs 79.225, 74.942 Texas jobs, California jobs 70.883, 58.745 jobs Kentucky, New York 58.429 jobs, and jobs in North Carolina. 54.540
In some states, auto-parts jobs are an important part of employment across the 10 most vulnerable states as measured by self-employment items as share of total employment of State in 2009 Michigan May 6 percent of total employment in the state, Indiana 4 8 percent, Ohio 3 7 percent, 3 percent Kentucky 3, Tennessee 3 0 percent, Alabama Feb. 2 percent, Carolina Sud 1 of 9 percent, 7 percent Illinois 1, Wisconsin 1 6 percent, and North Carolina 1 4 percent.
The vehicle sector decline U engine and auto parts industry 2000 2011.
The US market vehicles -made was dug by globalization, more and faster import competition, and the post-2007 collapse in the US economy, which has had serious repercussions on demand automobiles and other consumer durables Total sales of domestic cars and of US automakers trucks fell from 11 to 5 million units in 2000 to 4. 6 million units in 2009, deep the crisis in the industry down 60 percent in 2012 Ward Automotive Group.
Total motor vehicle sales in the US vehicle compounds manufactured in the country and imports remained stable, with an average of more than 16 million units per year between 1994 and 2008; during the recent recession, however, sales fell sharply even with the recovery of the past two years, and total sales 12 7 million units in 2011, the light vehicle US market the vast majority of all domestic and imported motor vehicles sold in the United States in 2011 was about 22 percent smaller than 4 the average annual market for 15 years before the crisis automotive Group 2012 Ward 3.

While overall car and truck sales remained stable between 1994 and 2008, US automakers have suffered an early market share steadily declining in 1990, a trend that has only accelerated after 2007, auto sales in the US and the market share reaching their lowest point in 2009, however, US auto sales producers have risen sharply since GM and Chrysler restructuring in 2009, the combined market share US automakers have increased 3 3 percentage points between 2009 and 2011, and in 2011 unit sales of light vehicles increased Jan. 29 percent over sales in 2009 s Ward automotive group in 2012.
While the US automaker's total sales in 2011 reached nearly six million units, 48 ​​were 1 percent below the levels reached in 2000, a product both fall in aggregate demand and loss significant long-term market share by the US -Based producers.
The bulk of employment in the auto parts industry in the United States is driven by demand from original equipment manufacturer original parts to supply auto assembly plants in the US since the auto parts industry follows the trends of the entire motor vehicle sector Bureau of Transport and 2011 machines, 9, direct employment in the auto parts industry in the United States has decreased dramatically in recent years, down 45 419.600 jobs 8 percent from November 2000 to November 2011 Figure A.
However, the most noticeable trend is that auto parts heavily subsidized imports from China have caused auto parts in the US trade deficit with China to further increase, in total, than any other bilateral deficit, as shown Figure C 9 the growth of this deficit was a particularly heavy toll on employment in the auto parts industry in the United States.
The threats posed by imports of unfair Chinese auto parts.

US imports of auto parts from China and South Korea have increased more over the last three years that auto parts imports from any other country While trade deficits with all countries declined in 2009, compared is more appropriate to examine changes in trade since the year leading up to the recession, 2007 10 between the last peak of the economic cycle in 2007 and 2010, the share of trade deficit in auto parts from the United States represented by the China and South Korea has increased rapidly, while those of other major producers declined.
Exporters from China and South Korea took advantage of the downturn to gain market share in the auto parts US market and push the other exporting producers in the case of China, they were helped by 27 5 billion in subsidies to auto parts industry through subsidized coal, electricity, natural gas, glass and steel between 2001 and 2010 Haley 2012, and by illegal currency manipulation of China, which reduced the cost of Chinese auto parts by an additional 25 to 30 percent Scott 2011b, 2-3.
Most of China's subsidies provided its auto industry and auto parts violated its obligations to Stewart WTO et al 2012 In addition, China has imposed performance requirements for foreign investors, forcing them to transfer technology local joint venture partners; discrimination against imported products; and imposed restrictions on exports of rare earth minerals and other critical raw materials giving an unfair advantage to its domestic auto parts producers Each of these policies appears to violate WTO commitments China Stewart et al 2012.
The rapid growth of auto parts subsidized exports of China strengthened the global sourcing of US automakers Klier and Rubinstein 2009, 4 examined the trends in imports of auto parts to the United States by countries between 1996 and 2008, and auto parts grouped by country they came to high or low wage to low-wage countries have gained 25 percentage points of their share of total imports of automotive parts in the United States between 1996 and 2008, and they were actually responsible for 69 percent of growth in imports of auto parts at this time also, total imports of auto parts as a share of material costs in the assembly of light vehicles increased by 29 percent to 36 percent between 1997 and 2002 only the share of China's total imports of auto parts the United States has grown faster than any other country cited in their study, from about 1 percent in 1996 to over 10 percent in 2008 Klier and Rubenstein 2009 Figure 4.

It is important to recognize that simply measuring the nominal dollar value of Chinese auto parts may underestimate their impact on production and employment of auto parts in the United States, as it can lead to an underestimation significant of the real value of imports in 2011 Houseman If auto parts from China moving domestic goods or even auto parts more expensive trading partners such as Canada and Germany that have a much higher unit value, trade flows sub- estimate the impact of Chinese imports on the domestic auto industry if, for example, tires or brakes China's shoes cost 50 percent less than comparable domestic products, while imports displace 100 200 the value of the domestic production and the work required to produce 200 products manufactured in the country.
The growing importance of China in the global industry of auto parts.
Fueled by large subsidies, Chinese production and auto parts exports have increased dramatically over the last decade Haley 2011 Figure B Indeed, China's auto parts exports increased more than tenfold between 2000 and 2010, from 3 9 billion in 2000 to 41 2 billion in 2010, as shown in Figure D UN for 2012 in 2009, China became the fourth largest exporter of auto parts in the world after Germany, the States States and Japan transport office machinery and 2011, Table 9. China imports of auto parts also rose sharply during the last decade due to the rapid growth of automobile production and China 12 China consumer imports auto parts increased from 3 8 billion in 2000 to 32 billion in 2010 1 United Nations for 2012, also shows Figure D Because the auto parts exports to China grew faster than imports, it has developed a global trade surplus auto parts in 2005 a surplus that exceeded 9 billion in 2010 0.
SOURCE EPI analysis of the United Nations Statistics data for trade in goods United Nations Database 2012.
However, tire exports alone the vast majority of auto parts trade surplus of China see Methodology section of this article excludes tires, China recorded a trade deficit of global auto parts in seven of the last 10 years, including a deficit of 100 million in 2010 Thus, with the exception of trade in tires, the world had a trade surplus in auto parts with China for most of the last decade, however, during this same period, China has maintained a large and growing trade surpluses in auto parts with and without tires with the United States in 2010, US imports of auto parts, including the China tire exceeded exports these products in the country of 725 per cent of the United Nations for 2012.
Contrasting results of managed trade in auto parts.

Due to the rapid increase in auto parts exports, China has grown to play an important role as supplier of parts for vehicles assembled in the United States, Mexico and Canada, however, there is a strong contrast between auto parts trade China's relationship with the United States, Mexico and Canada on the one hand and its relations with other major trading partners in Asia and Europe on the other This is illustrated in Figure E, which provides an overview of auto parts in China trade with major countries in 2010 this year, China has a large trade surplus 8 8 billion with the United States and smaller surpluses with Mexico and Canada 13 These countries of North America's relatively open trade practices, and each is a party to the North American free trade Agreement, the NAFTA countries base their approach to trade and develo industrial ly on a neoliberal model, or market-based ,.
auto parts trade with countries of China, in 2010.
NOTE For reasons of China's estimated trade surplus auto parts to the United States differs from the bilateral trade balance auto parts U S -China reported in Figure C, see note 13.
SOURCE EPI analysis of the United Nations Statistics data for trade in goods United Nations Database 2012.
However, China does not require the same type of performance in its trade with Asian and European countries, many of which have recourse to procedures managed by active trade and industrial policies in 2010, China recorded trade deficits in auto parts with the Japan 7 9 billion, Germany 6 2 billion, and South Korea 1 3 billion, as shown in Figure E deficits auto parts between China and its managed business partners persisted since at least 2005, as shown in Figure F 14 in particular, Japan and Germany have maintained large trade surpluses with China throughout this period South Korea also sustained trade surpluses with the exception of a brief recession in 2008.

China trade balance in auto parts with some countries 2005 10.
NOTE For reasons of China's estimated trade surplus auto parts to the United States differs Balance Auto parts bilateral U S trade -China reported in Figure C, see note 13.
SOURCE EPI analysis of the United Nations Statistics data for trade in goods United Nations Database 2012.
automotive suppliers country managed trade in particular Germany, Japan and South Korea place a high priority on maintaining employment in their domestic motor vehicle sector, partly as a reflection of relations with stakeholders and differences in institutional leadership structures of their private companies manufacturing jobs is supported in part by maintaining a positive balance of trade with China and the United States, these countries companies maintain cost competitiveness by placing a premium on innovation and product quality, and for many years also in Japan and South Korea auto parts suppliers have benefited from their policy countries to manage the value of their currency to protect their own export competitiveness and actively discriminate against parts of automobi the matter something the United States does not and should not the United States should, however, faced with currency manipulation and illegal trade barriers wherever they occur, especially in auto parts, due to the large number of jobs at risk.
German companies offer an alternative, by positive example to support national manufacturers German manufacturers have thrived despite paying high salaries and providing excellent benefits to their German manufacturers workers practicing capitalism stakeholders whose advice Directors include equal representation of managers and workers Meyerson 2011 Germany also has a dedicated sector banks to finance companies of small and medium enterprises, which reduces these companies have to rely on private capital markets and reduced demand to maintain short-term profits in addition, Germany has a highly developed school in the work of the vocational training system for non-college-educated workers is much more effective than vocational training for US and program s labor support moved accordingly, during the past decade Germany has maintained a large and growing trade surplus, even compared to low-wage countries outside the euro area also has maintained its competitiveness World export m arket and exports are dominated by cars and other high-value, durable manufactured goods.
As a product of an approach to management-trade, the European car industry overall net employment growth experienced during the last decade, despite the rapid growth of the auto parts China exports and automobile exports from Japan and Korea to Europe the total direct employment in the entire motor vehicle industry increased from 2,282,000 in 2001 to 2,294,000 in 2007, an increase of 0 5 percent of European automobile manufacturers Association in 2011.

This contrasts sharply with the US experience in the period between 2001 and 2007, the United States lost 241.300 jobs is down 18 6 percent across the automotive sector, including assembly automotive bodies and trailers, auto parts, and tires 2011 labor statistics office job losses in the auto parts and tire production were responsible for the vast majority of trips US employment in the automotive sector during this period; 189.600 jobs were lost, down 22 percent on January 15.
These divergent results suggest that the United States should learn and imitate successful trade and industrial policies developed by Germany and other northern European democracies whose success benefits from trade have managed countries are particularly visible when contrasting trade in auto parts to the United States with management-trade countries, with US auto parts trade with its NAFTA partners, for example, imports of US auto parts from China exceeded exports to that country of 725 percent in 2010 the United Nations for 2012 with Germany as the ratio exceeded 400 percent; South Korea, more than 970 percent; Japan and one of the most closed markets in the world more than 1,000 percent, however, auto parts imports from Mexico in the United States exceeded the bilateral exports from the United States by only 46 percent the same time the US had a trade surplus in auto parts with Canada, exports were almost two times larger than imports despite the fact that the United States had an overall trade deficit of vehicles and parts with Canada in 2010.
In 2009, 1,584,503 jobs were supported directly or indirectly by the industry formally known auto parts such as automotive parts and tire industries, compared Hill, Menk and Cooper 2010 rapid growth of imports from China puts these jobs at risk tables 1 2 and 3 list the total number of jobs supported directly and indirectly by the auto parts industry in the United States in each picture of the state class 1 states by total of jobs supported by the industry; Table 2 ranks the states by the share of total employment in the state represented by the industry; and Table 3 lists states in alphabetical order and shows the total number of self-parts jobs in every state.
As shown in Table 1, the 10 most vulnerable states as measured by total employment in the auto parts industry in 2009 are 249.989 jobs Michigan, Ohio 189.039 jobs, Indiana 132.769 jobs, Illinois jobs 98.748, 79.225 Tennessee jobs Texas 74.942 jobs, California jobs 70.883, 58.745 Kentucky jobs, 58.429 jobs in New York, and North Carolina 54.540 jobs.

Table 2 shows that the 10 states most at risk, as measured by the auto parts employment as a share of total employment in the state in 2009, are Michigan May 6 percent of total employment State, Indiana 4 8 percent, Ohio 3 7 percent, 3 percent Kentucky 3, Tennessee 3 0 percent, Alabama Feb. 2 percent, South Carolina 1 9 percent, 7 percent Illinois 1, Wisconsin January 6 percent, and North Carolina 1 4 percent.
The work presented in the tables include both jobs directly supported by the auto parts industry and jobs indirectly supported by the industry, for example, it supports jobs in related industries such as steel, aluminum, plastics, electronics, accounting, engineering and other manufacturing industries, services and industries providing goods These estimates do not include induced jobs or spending expenses, which vary depending on the state of the economy and the economic cycle.
US auto parts suppliers have not benefited proportionately to the increase of US automakers in sales since 2009. The reasons include an increase in the supply of production of auto parts in China, Mexico and South Korea Figure C. combined with a trade deficit growing rapidly in auto parts Figure B, and the rapid growth of the share of US vehicles imported and United States -assembled who have very low levels of content produced in the country.
The trade deficit in auto parts in the United States with the world has increased by 65 4 percent between 2009 and 2010, reaching 31 February billion auto-parts The US trade deficit with China reached 9 1 billion 2010 representing 29 3 percent of total US auto parts trade deficit, China Figure C share of the trade deficit auto parts in the United States grew faster than from any other country since 2007, an increase of 5 8 percentage points in three years auto parts manufacturers in the United States are directly tapped by imports rapid growth of China's auto parts, which benefited from 27 to 5 billion in subsidies between 2001 and 2010 manufacturers Chinese auto parts also benefit from the manipulation of China's illegal currency, which reduces the cost of Chinese auto parts by 25 to 30 c ent.

Consequently 1 6 million jobs in the auto-parts and U S suppliers industries are at risk because of imports rapid growth of auto parts.
In addition, there is a strong contrast between the impacts of China's practices in the auto parts industry in the United States, and how they affect the auto parts industry in countries that manage their business, such as Germany Japan and South Korea these countries focus on balanced growth to maximize the use, production and innovation at home and they are not experiencing the same loss of jobs in the auto parts industry as the United States, which lost 419.600 auto parts jobs between November 2000 and November 2011 in short, these countries face the same unfair trade from China, but seem to be doing a much better job of dealing them with some countries, like Japan and South Korea, have reacted with unfair trade policies that should be facing the US Germany, on the other hand, used with success s industrial policies and labor market to better manage its trade with China and the world, suggesting that the United State's plenty of room for improvement in the development of more effective policies to support the most important first steps consist in manufacturing combat unfair currency manipulation 2011b Scott and illegal subsidies and other unfair trade barriers erected by China and other countries.
The authors thank Mark Anderson, Josh Bivens, Christopher Traci and Mike Wessel useful comments.
EPI is grateful for the Alliance for American Manufacturing to support our research and publication programs.
In determining the US and international trade flows from China, we used the statistics of trade of UN Commodity 2012 Database We used the Harmonized Tariff Schedule HTS codes in our analysis of automotive parts and trade flows of motor vehicles Our definition of self-parts industry for purposes of international trade consists of electrical and electronic equipment, parts, engines, tires, belts, chairs, clocks for vehicles, and indicators speed to ensure strict measurement of these codes to motor vehicles, we use the most detailed time six-digit HTS codes, except five four-digit HTS codes, four of which are strictly for vehicles motor and fifth clocks being of dashboards for vehicles, aircraft, etc. Thus, this particular category may be slightly overvalued All commercial data reported figures BF are in nominal dollars does Price- or deflated complete list of HTS codes that make up the auto parts industry are the Annex A.

including tire Also note in our analysis it is the largest subset of auto parts to China's trade with all countries; Currently, tire exports made up 23 percent of its total exports to the world China We include four codes to six digits tires, including tires for personal vehicles, buses and new tires and boneless tread Herring.
Our definition for the assembled motor vehicles that are added to auto parts to derive the overall figures of the motor vehicle sector is mainly composed of four figures harmonized codes with the exception of a six-digit code that we used because we felt the parent four-digit code, automotive vehicles for special purposes, was too broad We include automobiles; vehicles used for the transport of persons, such as breaks; transit vehicles; motor vehicles used for the transport of goods; and the fight against fire vehicles The list of codes for HTS motor vehicles is assembled in Appendix B.
United Nations Statistics merchandise trade data in 2012 Database are still used to show the US trade in auto parts with other countries Figures C, D, E and F; in particular its North American counterparts, Mexico and Canada; its Asian rivals China, Japan and South Korea; and its main European competitor, These countries are chosen because they have the largest volume of auto parts trade with the United States and better demonstrate the relationship between the United States and the world in this sector, we use these countries to compare China's trade in figures E and F as well.
To calculate employment in the state, we use a tri-annual report Hill, Menk and Cooper 2010 Center for Automotive Research, which collects data on employment in the auto parts industry reports of study data on both direct jobs in the auto parts suppliers -Parts industry, automotive assemblers and new vehicle dealers operations and indirect employment, which includes outside auto parts jobs are a product of employment and production in the various auto parts industries Hill, Menk and Cooper directly calculate employment data from the Bureau of economic analysis, the Bureau of labor Statistics BLS County American business models census Bureau, the Association of the rubber manufacturers, and the International Council of the stack using the north American industry classification system SCI YEAR four, six and seven-digit codes to NAICS was developed by the Census Bureau of the US-specific sub-sector industries, in addition to automobile parts, parts manufacturing exclusivel there for industry auto parts manufacturing tires, automotive plastics and instruments, vehicle manufacturing pipes and power equipment such as locks, light bulbs and batteries for automotive Hill, Menk and Cooper 2010 32 33 jobs indirect at the State employment is a direct employment in the industry of product listed above is calculated using a cross-industry model created by regional economic models, Inc. REMI REMI analysis considers the demographic and industry specific information for each region, plus trade flows, migration patterns and commuter flows for each state.

To calculate the national employment, we use the Bureau of Statistics data from work NAICS codes industry four and five digits for assembled vehicles, bodies and trailers, auto parts and tires Although data BLS are not as accurate as Hill and Cooper Menk data, they are quite similar in that they also used auto parts NAICS 3363, accounting for about 76 percent of their definition of direct employment and also includes tires NAICS 32621 These national time series data gives a revealing insight on employment trends in the automotive industry over the last decade, as shown in Figure A.
Appendix A Harmonized Tariff Schedule HTS codes used to identify the auto parts industry to international trade flows.
EPI compilation Source United Nations Statistics merchandise trade UN Database, 2012, accessed January 2012.
Anderson, 2011 U S Thomas Affiliates operations of foreign companies in 2009 Survey of Current Business Flight 91, No. 8, pp 211-226.
Bureau of Labor Statistics 2011 Current Employment Statistics employment, hours and earnings of spreadsheets National Survey statistics on current employment, Excel accessed November December 2011 specific Excel spreadsheets available to this report for all data, unadjusted NOS; Tire NAICS 32621, serial ID CEU3232621001; for motor vehicles, NAICS 3361, serial ID CEU3133610001; for bodies of motor vehicles and trailers, NAICS 3362, series ID CEU3133620001; and motor vehicle parts, NAICS 3363, serial ID CEU3133630001.

Eisenstein Paul A 2011 Hyundai May Add second U S Meeting Maker plant can meet the demand t Sonata, other models of the blog Voice of the automotive world, January 17.
European Automobile Manufacturers Association 2011 Employment, 2001-2007 employment, consulting PDF December 11 to.
Haley, Usha 2012 C Put the pedal to automotive parts industry to metal subsidies from 2001 to the Economic Policy Institute 2011 Backgrounder 316 China, Washington, D C. PPE
Hill, Kim, Debbie Menk and Steven Szakaly 2007 Contribution of automotive supplier sector in the US economy and its 50 States Ann Arbor Center for Automotive Research.
Hill, Kim, Debbie Maranger Menk and Adam Cooper 2010 contribution of the automotive industry to the economies of all 50 states and the US Center Ann Arbor Annex A of Automotive Research State Employment level contributions, all PARTS jobs is the source for tables 1 3 in the report.
Houseman 2011 Susan Spotlight search lights, Relocation and import prices Search selected measurement of the Conference on measurement issues qu'entraînera growth of globalization Survey of Current Business, vol 91, No. 2, pp 7- 11.

Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Alabama 2011 Hyundai About HMMA Company Page available in December 2011.
Kia Motor Manufacturing Georgia, Inc. 2011 About KIA KMMG corporate website available in December 2011.
Klier, Thomas J and James M Rubenstein 2009, imports of intermediate components in the automotive industry a case study paper presented at a measurement issues on conference from growth of globalization WE Upjohn Institute research employment and the national Academy of public administration.
LMC Automotive 2011 sales of public data of light vehicles in China in October 2011, the last PDF November 15th revised accessible LMC Automotive Note acquired the automotive forecasting division of JD Power and Associates a business unit of The McGraw-Hill Companies on 1 November 2011.

Meyerson, 2011 Back Harold China The American Prospect vol 10, No. 22, November 29.
Office of transport and equipment, U S Department of Commerce in 2011 on the road U S Auto Parts Industry Annual Assessment accessible PDF file.
Scott, Robert E 2011a growing deficit US trade with China cost 2 8 million jobs between 2001 and 2010, hundreds of thousands of jobs displaced in all US Congressional District Economic Policy Institute Backgrounder 323, Washington, EPI D C.
Scott, Robert E The benefits of full revaluation of the Chinese yuan revaluation would increase the US GDP and employment, reduce the federal budget deficit, and help workers in China and other countries in Asia Economic Policy Document Institute information 318, Washington, D C. PPE

Stewart Terrence P Elizabeth Drake, Philip A Butler Jumana Misleh, Gong Ping, Jessica Wang, Ni Y Meggers and David Deprest 2012 trade flows of Stewart and Stewart Chinese support programs for automobiles and auto parts in As part of the 12th five-year plan Washington DC Law offices of Stewart and Stewart planned to appear on January 31.
United Nations 2012 United Nations Trade Statistics Database Product Database queries, basic selection comtrade_trade_data, Excel spreadsheets accessed 12 January to.
U S Census Bureau 2011 historical series of foreign trade U S trade in goods and services BOP Balance of Payments Basis, PDF June 9 last revised accessible.
Ward Automotive Group 2012 WardsAuto public data, Excel spreadsheets accessed 11 January to specific Excel spreadsheets available for this report U S vehicle sales market by Company, 1961-2010 ,; U S car and truck sales, 1931-2010 ,; U S Light Vehicle Sales Summary, December 2011.
1 Hill, Menk and Cooper 2010 8 report that all motor vehicles and parts manufacturing is the second largest employer in the subset of the production data suggest that jobs in auto parts and tires represent or more nearly two-thirds of the total direct employment in the automotive sector jobs in parts and car tires were responsible for at least 64 3 percent of total direct employment in the automotive sector in 2010 Bureau of Labor Statistics 2012, but this figure does not include jobs in affiliated industries such as automotive plastics, which were included by Hill, Cooper Menk and 2010 32 33 within 1 to 6 million jobs have noted earlier .
2 We didn comparable data for sales or production in auto parts Since employment is usually about 70 to 80 percent of production in most industries, the number of employees is an excellent indicator of the level production in auto parts.

3 auto sales in the US are estimated from three worksheets obtained Ward of the automotive group in 2012 the US market vehicle sales by Company 1961 2010 was used to obtain the combined market share of manufacturers US-based GM, Ford and Chrysler US car and truck sales, 1931 2010 includes US total car and truck sales of domestic and foreign automakers These data were combined with the share of US manufacturers market based estimate their total vehicle sales for the years 1994 2010 US light vehicle sales Summary, December 2011 was used to calculate the total annual sales of US automakers based in 2011, and their share of total sales light vehicle These data were used to estimate US sales changes based manufacturers Car and market share during the period 1994 to 2011.
4 See Methodology section for more details on the data sources and calculations for all figures in this report employment data in Figure A are not seasonally adjusted data on seasonally adjusted employment are not available from Bureau of labor Statistics at this level of detail of the industry therefore, we chose to compare employment in the same month in 2000, 2007 and 2011 in Figure A to eliminate seasonal factors analysis for 2009 the July data were used, as was the low point of employment in the industry in the 2009 crisis.
5 The total trade deficit of the United States in automobiles and parts fell by 112 8 billion in 2001-106 7 billion in 2010 the United Nations for 2012 This slight decrease reflects a deficit decreases in motor vehicles assembled almost entirely offset by deficiency surge in auto parts, as shown in Figure B Thus, auto parts increased share of the total trade deficit of the motor vehicle sector reflects both an absolute increase of auto parts deficit and an absolute decline the value of imports of motor vehicles.
6 Hill, Menk and Szakaly 2007, 8 provides the following examples of American automakers increasingly use foreign suppliers Siemens, a German supplier who does not share audio systems in North America in 2003, was increased to 25 percent share by 2005. Moreover, Denso Corporation, now the largest supplier in the world, reported that sales at the Detroit 3 were up and that the North American market accounted for about 40 percent of total sales, while Toyota accounted for another 40 percent of Denso activities in North America in August 2008, Chrysler named Denso Corporation as the first choice provider This means Denso is the default provider with which the other vendors must compete for contracts and Denso are competing to keep current orders.

7 The trade deficit of Korean auto parts has also grown rapidly, as production transplant accelerated in 2010 and 2011 after the opening of a second Hyundai Motor Group assembly plant in Georgia in late 2009 Hyundai Motor Group manufactures and sells vehicles under the Kia and Hyundai Hyundai brand names of the first assembly plant in the United States, located in Alabama, opened in 2005, Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Alabama in 2011 an assembly plant Kia began production in Georgia in late 2009 Kia Motor manufacturing Georgia, Inc. 2011 Hyundai is considering opening a third assembly plant a second plant producing branded Hyundai Eisenstein 2011.
8 In 2009, US affiliates of all foreign multinationals were responsible for more than half of 52 3 percent of the total trade deficit of US goods Anderson 2011 Table 8 shows the total imports of goods and exports of US subsidiaries of companies Foreign multinationals These companies have a trade deficit set of 7 billion 264 in 2009, the census Bureau in 2011 reports that the total trade deficit of US goods in 2009 was 505 9,000,000,000 shares of foreign subsidiaries of the deficit was 52 3 percent.
9 Figure C excludes re-exports are goods produced in other countries, imported in the host country and then re-exported to China View Scott 2010a, Table 1; notes 4 and 5, pp; 6 9; and Annex, page 19 for details.
10 Trade data are annual, but the employment data are monthly, and this article compares jobs in November in most years to correct seasonality in the data.
11 shares trade deficit in 2007 and 2010 were calculated from the data of trade in countries in Figure C, compared to total auto parts trade deficit Figure B.
12 Chinese production and consumption of light vehicles increased considerably over the last decade Haley 2011 Figure A shows that car sales in China rose 600 percent between 2000 and 2009, production increased in 1100 percent in 2010, China was the world's largest market for light vehicles, with total sales 17 2 million in 2011 LMC Automotive units.

Figures 13 C, E and F over two slightly different estimates of the bilateral trade balance auto parts US-China in 2010 Figure C reports that the United States considers its trade deficit in auto parts with China was January 9 billion, but the E and F ratio figures that China considers its trade surplus in auto parts to the United States was 8 8bn many factors could contribute to the slight variation of the two most significant estimates may be temporary differences date leaves an expedition in China can be weeks or months before the shipment arrives in the US, and vice versa; may be included in particular import shipments and export data for 2010 for China and in 2011 to the United States, such as, as shown in Note nine, Figure C excludes re-exports US to China, while figures D and E because of the limitations of data re Exclusion results in a slightly higher estimate of US bilateral trade deficit -China in Figure C There may also be differences in so shipments are assessed in each country Finally, problem reports, particularly on the export side, may cause an underestimation of exports or partners.
14 re-exports were included in Figure F, unlike in Figure C, due to re-exports data limitations were negligible in the case of US trade with China in Figure C, an amount of less than 200 million each year between 2000 and 2010.
15 The total US auto sector includes direct employment for auto assembly NAICS 3361, 3362 bodies and trailers, auto parts 3363 and 32621 tires employment data in Figure A and discussed elsewhere in this report covers auto parts and tire industries in total employment in the US automotive sector is discussed here for comparison with only the European employment data comparable.
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