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Hawaii masking attempts #FUKUSHIMA Fallout Henrietta Dulai June 11, 2016

Congregationalist missionaries arrived in 1820 and Roman Catholics in 1827 the subsequent migration brought together Mormon representatives and Anglican Methodists were invited by King Kamehameha IV in 1862 Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism arrived with the Chinese in the 1850s; At the turn of the century, Shinto and Buddhism Mahayana five forms were practiced by Japanese immigrants.
The largest religious group is the Roman Catholic Church, with 234.588 members in 66 parishes from 2004 Saints of the Last Days Mormons reported a membership of 64,608 in 127 congregations in 2006, an increase from 2000 when 42.758 members in 112 congregations have been reported There are two Mormon temples in Laie state, Oahu is 1919 Kona is 1999 Other large groups with 2000 data include the assemblies of God, 21.754 members, the Southern Baptist Convention, Southern Baptist 20.901 members Convention 636 newly baptized members in 2002, the united Church of Christ had 17.362 members in 2005 in 2000, the Jewish population was about 7000 there were 73 Buddhist, Muslim 1, 8 and Hindu congregations reported that the year without number specific members about 63 8 of the population did not indicate religious affiliation.
Aloha International, founded in 1973, is a non-denominational organization based in Kapaa that promotes a spiritual healing system known as Huna The organization reported a membership of approximately 14,000 There are several chapters local Young Life, a Christian youth organization, and Soka Gakkai International, a Buddhist organization.
Hawaii has only two railways of the Company paths nonprofit Hawaiian iron, with 6 5 mi May 10 km of track on Oahu; commercial and leisure Lahaina, Kaanapali and Pacific on Maui, with 6 mi 10 km follow the islands of Oahu, Hawaii, Maui, Kauai and public bus systems in 2004, Hawaii 843.876 allowed drivers crossed 4,318 mid 6951 km roads and streets There were 532,000 cars registered in 2004, as well as about 394 000 trucks of all types and around 4,000 buses.

the busiest port of Hawaii is Honolulu, with 19 million tonnes of cargo handled 085 in 2004, making it the 39th busiest port in the US Other major Hawaiian ports and tonnage treated 2004 include Barbers Point Oahu 6 086000000 tonnes; Hilo, 1850 million tons; and Kahului, Maui, 3 9 million tons in 2003, waterborne shipments totaled 23,642 million tons.
Most regular traffic of passengers and most Interisland Travel by air is trans In 2005, Hawaii has a total of 48 facilities related to public and private use Aviation This included 31 airports and 17 heliports busiest terminal of State is the Honolulu International airport, which had a total of 9,579,076 boardings in 2004, making it the busiest airport in the United States 25.
first inhabitants of Hawaii were Polynesians from islands in double hull canoes between there 1000 and 1400 years, whether from Southeast Asia or the Marquesas in the South Pacific The Western world has learned islands in 1778, when an English navigator, Captain James Cook, Oahu overview; he named the archipelago the Sandwich Islands after his boss, John Montagu, the fourth Earl of Sandwich At this time, each island was ruled by a hereditary chief in a caste called kapu system further contact with the sailors and exposed European traders Polynesians to smallpox, venereal disease, alcohol, firearms, and Western technology and fatally weakened the Kapu system within 40 years of the arrival of Cook, one of the leaders of the island, which Kamehameha date of birth, designated as June 11 is still celebrated as a holiday of the state, had consolidated his power over Hawaii, Maui and Oahu conquered and created a royal dynasty in what became known as the kingdom Hawaii.
The death of Kamehameha I in 1819 preceded the arrival of Protestant missionaries a year one of the first to come was the Reverend Hiram Bingham, who, as a pastor in Honolulu, played a role in the conversion to Christianity Even Hawaiians however, before Bingham arrived, Liholiho, successor to the throne under the title of Kamehameha II, had begun to end the Kapu system After the king died of measles during a state visit to England in 1824, another son of Kamehameha I, Kauikeaouli, was proclaimed King Kamehameha III His reign saw the creation of public schools, the first newspapers, the first sugar plantation, a bicameral legislature, and the establishment of the kingdom of Honolulu as the city the capital of the first written constitution of Hawaii was enacted in 1840 and 1848 agrarian reform called the Great Mahele abolished the feudal land system and legitimized private property in the pr ocess promoting power the expansion of sugar plantations behind the hard throne ing this period was Dr. Gerrit P Judd, a missionary doctor who served as finance minister and interpreter for Kamehameha III.

diplomatic maneuverings during the 1840s and 1850s guaranteed recognition of the United States kingdom, Britain, France and the US presence on the islands has increased, however, has pushed for US annexation of movement opposed by Alexandre Liholiho, who reigned as Kamehameha IV after his father's death in 1854 his brief reign and that of his brother Lot Kamehameha V attended the arrival of the Chinese contract workers and first Japanese immigrants and the Hawaii continued growth as an international port of call in particular for whalers and growing influence of American sugar planters Lot of death in 1872 left no direct descendant of Kamehameha, and the legislature elected a new king whose death one year later needed yet another election, the subsequent coronation of Kalakaua, known as the Merry Monarch, inaugurated a Storm decade during which its imperial projects have encountered the power of the legislature and the interests of farmers the most ificant event sign of unstable reign of Kalakaua was the signing of a treaty with the United States in 1876, guaranteeing Hawaii a US sugar market the treaty was renewed in 1887 with a location clause Pearl Harbor the United States.
Kalakaua died during a visit to San Francisco in 1891 and was replaced by his sister, Liliuokalani, the last monarch Hawaiian Two years later, after further political negotiations, it was deposited in a revolution led by the Americans who produced a provisional government led by Sanford B Dole the new regime immediately requested annexation by the United States, but the treaty for it mired in the Senate and died after the inauguration of President Grover Cleveland, a opponent of expansionism provisional government then drafted a new constitution and July 4, 1894 proclaimed the Republic of Hawaii, with Dole as president of the Spanish-American war, which fueled the expansionist sentiment in the United States and has strategic interests in the Pacific, gave supporters of the annexation of the possibility nation they sought formal transfer penny eignty took place August 12, 1898, and Dole became the first territorial governor of Hawaii when the ac t authorizing the annexation took effect in June 1900.
Notable in the territorial period were US military buildup continues, creating a canned pineapple industry by James D Dole cousin of the governor, the growth of tourism has boosted in 1936 with the inauguration of commercial air service, and a growing desire for a state, especially after the passage of the sugar Act of 1934, which reduced the quota on sugar imports from Hawaii the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor December 7, 1941, crippling the fleet American Pacific and making some 4,000 wounded, quickly turned into a Hawaii under martial law the armed camp bravery record compiled by the Nisei regiment 442D on the European front has done a lot, on the other, to dispel the mistrust that some continental perceived loyalties of Japanese Hawaiians Hawaii also carried a disproportionate burden during the Korean conflict, suffering more casualties p ar capita than the 48 states.
Hawaiians pressed for a state after World War II, but the Congress was reluctant, partly because of racial antipathy and partly because of fears that powerful International Longshore and Warehouse s Hawaii was controlled Communist The House of Representatives passed a state bill in 1947, but the Senate refused Not until 1959, after Alaska became the 49th state, voted Congress to let Hawaii enter the Union President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed the law on March 18, and the question was then put to the Hawaiian electorate, who voted for a state on June 27, 1959 by a margin of about 17-1 Hawaii became the 50th state August 21, 1959.
The defense, tourism and food processing have been the pillars of the economy of Hawaii, the state acting as a more and more important as economic, educational and cultural bridge between the US and countries Asia and Pacific Hawaiians faced the challenge of preserving the natural beauty of their environment while taking into account a population of more especially on Oahu and a thriving tourism industry in May 2000, President Bill Clinton issued orders to federal agencies to expand their coastline protection programs, including those that protect coral reefs of Hawaii.
An important political issue in recent years has been achieving some form of sovereignty by Hawaiians control of about 2 million acres of land is also at stake in 1996, most of the islands about 200 thousand descendants of Hawaiians native in 2005, about 400,000 voted to establish some form of self-government in August 1998, the 100th anniversary of the annexation of the United States of Hawaii, protesters marched in Washington, DC, demanding their full sovereignty of the US government in July 2000, the movement got some support in a law bill introduced in Congress by Senator Hawaiian Daniel Akaka Bill asked that Native Hawaiians be allowed to form their own government and have a status similar to that of American Indians in 2005, the Akaka bill amended several times opposed some Hawaiian groups because it allow the US Department of the Interior too much administrative power over their affairs.

The Hawaii's tourism industry has been negatively affected by the 2001 recession, the Sept. 11, 2001, terrorist attacks against the United States, and war tourism sector in Iraq in 2003 Hawaii fell about a third in a month after the start of the Iraq war on March 19, 2003, year, the Hawaii legislature passed a nonbinding resolution condemning the parties 2001 USA Patriot Act and the 2002 Homeland security Act which include powers federal radical fight against terrorism and called on the state and local officials to avoid actions that threatened the civil rights of one of the inhabitants of Hawaii Hawaii was the first state to go on record against the Patriot acts internal security.
The constitution of the state of Hawaii was written by the Constitutional Convention of 1950, ratified by the people of Hawaii territory this year and amended by referendum in 1959 on the state issue In January 2005, it was modified 104 time.
There is a bicameral legislature of 25 elected senators of eight senatorial districts for a term of four years and 51 representatives elected for a term of two years, the legislature meets annually on the third Wednesday in January; the session is limited to 60 legislative days, but a petition by two-thirds by members ensures a limited extension to 15 days Special sessions may be convened by the petition of two thirds of the members of each house to be eligible to serve as a legislator, a person must have reached the age of majority 18, a US citizen, has been a resident of the state for at least three years and be a qualified voter of the legislative district salary in 2004 was 32,000, unchanged 1999.
The governor and lieutenant governor are jointly elected to concurrent terms of four years and must be of the same political party, they are the only elected officials of the executive, with the exception of the 13 members of the Board of Education, which serve also four-year terms the governor, who may be reelected only once, must be at least 30 years old, a qualified voter and must have resided in the state for five years from December 2004, the salary of governor was 94780, unchanged compared to 1999.
The legislature may replace the veto of the governor by a two-thirds vote of the elected members of both houses If the governor nor signs nor vetoes a bill, it becomes law after 10 days except Saturdays, Sundays and holidays when the legislature is in session or after 45 days except Saturdays, Sundays and days after the legislature adjourned.

A constitutional amendment may be proposed by Parliament with a two-thirds vote in each house in one sitting, or majority vote in each house in two sessions, it must then be approved by a majority of voters in elections.
Voters in Hawaii must be US citizens, residents of the state, and at least 18 Restrictions apply to convicted criminals and those who are declared mentally incompetent by the court.
Both Republican and Democratic party organizations created in the early 20th century, when Hawaii was still a territory before a state, the Republican Party has dominated the political scene; However, Hawaii has been solidly Democratic since the 1960 ,.
Democrat Al Gore won 56 of the votes in the presidential election in 2000, while Republican George W Bush garnered 38 and the candidate of the Green Party Ralph Nader took 6 Four years later, Democrat John Kerry won 54 outgoing Republican vote George W Bush's 45 Democrat Daniel K Inouye first won election to the US Senate in 1962; he was reelected in 1968, 1974, 1980, 1986, 1992, 1998 and 2004 Democratic Senator Dan-iel K Akaka, first appointed in 1990 and elected to in 1994, eventually was re-elected in 2000 two representatives from Hawaii to house Democrats were in 2005. A Republican Linda Lingle was elected governor in 2002 in 2005, Democrats held 20 seats in the state Senate, while Republicans held only 5 in the state house, Democrats held 41 seats to the Republican's 10 in 2004 there were 647,000 registered voters; no party registration in the state The state had four electoral votes in the 2004 presidential election.

Hawaii Presidential Vote by the main political parties 1960, 2004.
The state is divided into five main counties Hawaii, including the Hawaii Island; Maui, embracing the islands of Maui, Kahoolawe, Lanai and Molokai; Honolulu, coextensive with the city of Honolulu and covering all of Oahu and the Hawaiian Islands northwest of Kure Atoll in Nihoa; Kauai, including Kauai and Niihau islands; and Kalawao on Molokai Kalawao is shown in the state legislature under Maui County.
Because there are no other forms of local government, counties offer services that are traditionally performed in other countries by cities, towns and villages, including fire and police protection , garbage collection and street maintenance and lighting the other hand, the state government provides many functions normally carried out by the counties on the mainland Each county has main an elected council and a mayor.
In 2005, the state had 15 special districts and public school system.
In 2005, the local government accounted for about 14344 full-time or equivalent jobs.
To face the constant threat of terrorism and to work with the federal Department of Homeland Security, Homeland Security Hawaii under the authority of the governor; Adjutant General is appointed as advisor to the internal security of the state.

Hawaii first ombudsman, empowered to investigate complaints from the public about any officer or employee of the state or county government, took office in 1969, the State Ethics Commission, a legislative body , implements the financial disclosure requirements by state officials and investigate allegations of conflicts of interest and other ethical lapses.
The Ministry of Education is headed by a board of education elected operates hundreds of state schools, many for the physically and mentally handicapped schools It also regulates private and certifies teachers of the board of regents of University of Hawaii oversees the state's higher education institutions the network of state public libraries provides Hawaii residents with access to education, information, programs and services of roads, airports, ports and other facilities are the concern of the Ministry of Transport.
The Ministry of Health manages public hospitals and various programs for the mentally ill, with intellectual disabilities, and alcoholic Emergency Preparedness and the National Guard and Air Force are the responsibility of the Ministry of Defense The Ministry of Land and Natural Resources focuses on the environment.
The Correctional Services Division of the Department of Public Safety operates the prison system of the state, as well as programs for juve-nile offenders The Department of Social Services is responsible for social services, housing, health care, well -being of children, disabilities and programs for the elderly, women and UI fathers, the laws of health and safety at work, and workers compensation programs are managed by the Ministry of labor and industrial relations.
The Supreme Court, the highest in the state, consists of a chief justice and four associate justices, all appointed by the Governor with the advice and consent of the Senate all have a term of 10 years until the age of mandatory retirement 70.
The state is divided into four judicial circuits with 27 judges of the Circuit Court and four intermediate appellate court judges, also appointed by the Governor with the advice and consent of the Senate in 10 years sentences courses circuit are the main trial courts, with jurisdiction in most civil and criminal cases in district courts, whose judges are appointed by the Chief Justice with the advice and consent of the Senate for a term of six years, depending lower courts in each judicial circuit; District Court judges may also preside Hawaii family court proceedings also has a tennis ground and a court of appeal of the tax.

At December 31, 2004, a total of 5,960 prisoners were held in the State of Hawaii and federal prisons, an increase of 5828 or 2 3 of the previous year-end 2004, a total of 699 detainees were women, 685 against and 2 in the previous year among prisoners sentenced to a year or more, Hawaii has an incarceration rate of 329 per 100 000 population in 2004.
According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation, in 2004 Hawaii had a murder rate of violent crimes nonnegligent manslaughter; forced rape; flight; aggravated assault incidents reported by 254 4 100 000, for a total of 3,213 incidents reported crimes against theft of property; flight flight; and theft of motor vehicles in the same year totaled 60.525 reported incidents or incidents reported by 4792 8 100,000 Hawaii has no death penalty.
In 2003, Hawaii passed 120,409,439 on internal security, an average of 57 per capita state.
Hawaii is the nerve center of the US defense activities in the Pacific CINCPAC commander of the Pacific, with headquarters at Camp HM Smith in Honolulu, heads the US Pacific Command, the largest of the six unified commands of the United States, and is responsible for all military forces of the United States in the Pacific and Indian oceans and south Asia as from October 24, 2002, the title of commander in Chief, Pacific command of the United States was changed commander, US Pacific Command CDRUSPACOM price of the first military contract in 2004 totaled 1 7 billion, and payroll of defense, including military retired pay, amounted to 3 3 billion.
In 2004, Hawaii was the basis for 65302 Department of Defense military and civilian personnel The US Navy and Marines represented 24.440 staff; the army, 19408; and the Air Force, 6801 Pearl Harbor is home port to 40 ships The main army bases, all on Oahu, are Schofield Barracks, Fort Shafter and Fort DeRussy; Air Force bases include Hickam and Wheeler military reserves occupy nearly a quarter of the area of ​​Oahu.
There were 107.310 veterans of US military service in Hawaii from 2003, 13644 of which served in World War II; 11,093 in the Korean conflict; 33858 during the Vietnam War; and 17058 in spending Gulf War Veteran totaled $ 311 million during fiscal 2004.

The mainland of the United States and Asia were the main sources of immigrants to Hawaii since the beginning of the 19th century immigration remains a major source of population growth between 1950 and 1980, the net gain of Hawaii migration was 91,000, and between 1980 and 1983, 15 000 in the 1980s, migration accounted for 23 of the net increase of the population.
Since the early 1970s, about 40,000 mainland Americans came every year to live in Hawaii More than half of the military and their dependents, on temporary residence for the duration of military service from 1985 to 1990, Hawaii has suffered a net loss of migration within the United States, but experienced an overall net gain in migration due to immigration abroad between 1990 and 1998, the net loss in domestic migration was 80,000 during the same period, there was a net gain of 51,000 international migration in 1998, 5465 foreign immigrants arrived in Hawaii from 1990 to 1998, the total population of the state grew 7 6 in the 05 period in 2000, net international migration was 30,068 and net internal migration was 13,112, for a net gain of 16.956 people.
Among interstate agreements in which Hawaii are participating Western Interstate Compact Corrections and the Western Interstate Commission for Higher Education Federal grants were estimated at 1 5 billion for 2001 Following a national trend, federal grants have dropped to 1 in 387 billion for fiscal year 2005 to fiscal year 2006, they amounted to about 1 in 415 billion and about 1 422 billion in fiscal 2007.
Tourism remains the largest employer in Hawaii, producer incomes and the growing sector However, agricultural diversification, including the cultivation of flowers and nursery plants, papaya and macadamia nuts, aquaculture, the exploitation of manganese nodules and film and television production broadened the economic base of the state's economic growth has been relatively sluggish in Hawaii in the late 20th century, accelerating from only 2 2 to 3 3 in 1998 1999-4 6 2000 national 2001 recession and the aftermath of the attacks of September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks against the United States have reduced the annual growth rate to 2 8 2001, mainly to the impact on the tourism in the third quarter of 2002, however, hotel receipts in Hawaii showed an increase compared to 2001, unlike the hotel's income in other parts of the pa ys employment, after a sharp drop in 2001, also posted gains.
GSP gross proceeds from the state of Hawaii in 2005 reached 54 billion; in real estate in 2004 was the largest sector at 16 5 of the GSP, followed by accommodation and food services to 8 4, and healthcare and social services 6 8 From that year, there were about 105.242 small businesses in Hawaii of the 29,791 companies with employees, a total of 28.844 8 or 96 were small businesses an estimated 3698 new companies were established in the state in 2004, 1 January of the previous year that year business terminations came in 3754, down from April 6, 2003 corporate bankruptcies totaled 47 in 2004, down from 34 the previous year 7 in 2005, Chapter 7 personal bankruptcy and deposit rate of chapter 13 was 299 filings 100,000 people, ranking Hawaii as the 48th highest in the nation.

In 2005, Hawaii was a state GSP gross proceeds of 54 billion, which represents 4 0 of the gross domestic product of the nation and the state placed at number 42 in the GSP most among the 50 states and the District of Columbia.
According to the Bureau of Economic Analysis, in 2004, Hawaii had per capita PCPI income of 32625 It ranked 20th in the US and was 99 the national average of 33050 annual average growth rate 1994 2004 PCPI was February 8 Hawaii had a total personal income TPI 41,176,427,000, which is ranked 40th in the United States, reflecting an increase of 8 0 from 2003, the annual average growth rate in 1994 was March 4 2004 TPI earnings of people employed in Hawaii increased from 30,504,321,000 to 33,021,075,000 in 2003 in 2004, an increase of 8 3 04 2003 national change was March 6.
The US Census Bureau says the median household income on average three years in 2002 04 in 2004 dollars was 53123 compared to a national average of 44,473 during the same period, an estimated 9 7 of the population was below the poverty line, compared to 12 4 into the country.
According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics BLS, in April 2006, the civilian labor force seasonally adjusted Hawaii had 645.600 About 18 000 workers were unemployed, giving an unemployment rate of 4 6, compared to the national average of July 4 for the same period of preliminary data for the same period placed nonfarm employment to 615,400 since the start of the BLS data series in 1976, the highest unemployment rate in Hawaii was Feb. 10 in March 1976 record low was in November 1989 2 2 at data on nonfarm preliminary employment by occupation in April 2006 showed that about 5 7 of the labor force was employed in construction; 2 4 in the manufacture; 19 August in the trade, transportation and utilities; May 11 in education and health services; May 17th in leisure and hospitality services; and 19 5 in the government data were not available for activities and financial services.
Unionization has been slow to develop in Hawaii after World War II, however, the International Union of warehouse longshoremen and workers in organized industries of sugar and pineapple, then on the docks The International Brotherhood of Teamsters is well established.
The BLS reported that in 2005 a total of 141,000 of the 545,000 workers in wages and Hawaii treatments used were officially members of a union, which represents 25 8 persons so employed, as against 23 7 2004 well -Dessus the national average of 12 overall in 2005, a total of 145,000 workers in Hawaii on July 26 were covered by a union or an association contract employees, which includes workers who reported no union affiliation Hawaii does not have a law on the right to work.

From 1 March 2006, Hawaii has a minimum wage of 6-75 per hour, increasing to 7 25 per hour on 1 January 2007 commissioned by the state in 2004, women in the state shown in 48 5 civilian employment Hawaii is one of five states when the union is higher than 20 the force of the work.
The particularly export crops of sugar cane and pineapple dominate the Hawaiian agriculture, which were agricultural revenue of over 553 million in 2005.
The islands of Hawaii Maui, Molokai, Oahu, Kauai and are the only places in the US where coffee is grown commercially; production in 2004 reached 7 05 £ 1m 3 2 million kilograms Another product tropical, pineapple, has also become an important export crop, with 215,000 tonnes produced in 2004, worth $ 79 9 million, and macadamia nuts and tropical coconut yam Taro flowers used to make poi, is also grown; Production in 2004 was 2,000,000 lbs 5 February 8 million kg, a value of 2.808 million Banana production in 2003 was 22 lb 5 million Feb. 10 million kg, a value of 9 2 million, and ginger root , 6 million PA 2 7 million kg, a value of 5 4 million.
Hawaii has an estimated 155,000 cattle and calves valued at 6 million in 2005 97 In 2004, the estimated number of hogs and pigs was 22,000, with a value of 3 to 5 million poultry farms have produced about 117 of 2 million eggs in 2003, worth 9 4000000 most of the eggs were for domestic consumption, which makes the eggs one of the few agricultural products whose state is close to self-sufficient most State cattle farms are in Hawaii and Maui counties.
Although expanding, the commercial catch of Hawaii is surprisingly low in 2004, the Hawaiian landings led Feb. 24 million pounds from 11 million kg worth 57 2000000 Although the port Honolulu ranked eighth in the nation this year to capture value 44 6 million, was 42nd in quantity Feb. 18 million pounds 8 three million kilograms of the most valuable commercial species are swordfish and bigeye tuna in 2001, the state had 2,814 commercial fishing vessels and recreational fishing vessels is extremely popular with bass, sunfish, tuna, and marlin among the most coveted varieties in 2004, the state had 5,796 fishing license holders .

In 2003, Hawaii has 1,748,000 acres 707,940 hectares of forest land and water reserves, with 700,000 acres 283,500 hectares classified as commercial timberland, most located on the island of Hawaii in the Most manufacture of wooden furniture is used locally grown, flooring and crafts as the sugar industry downsizing, there is an initiative to develop the forest industry by planting trees on land formerly planted with cane sugar Hawaii has the eighth largest forest and natural area reserve system in the US Some 57 forest are in the State conservation district.
In 2003, mining in Hawaii, mainly involved the extraction of sand and gravel surface mining and extraction of stone for crushed stone, primarily for use by the construction industry of State According to preliminary data from the US Geological Survey, the value of the production of non-fuel minerals Hawaii in 2003, the latest year for which data are available was estimated at about 74 million approximately 2 from 2002 .
In 2003, preliminary data showed that the production of sand and build quality gravel has reached 600,000 tonnes, 6 9 million, while crushed stone production have totaled 6 5 million tonnes, or 66 6000000.
With no indigenous fossil fuels and nuclear facilities, Hawaii depends on imported oil for about 78 of its coal energy needs, hydropower, natural gas, windmills, geothermal, and cane waste sugar contributes the rest.

In 2003, Hawaii was seven electricity service providers, three of which were possessed of investors and independent generators were three owners who have sold directly to customers The rest provider was a cooperative from that same year he there were 447.584 retail customers of this total, 415,208 have received their power services belonging to investors unique state cooperatives providers accounted for 32.361 customers, while there were 15 independent generators or customers facilities.
Total production capacity was clear by the state power generation plants in 2003 was 2268 million kilowatts, with a total production of that year to 10 976 billion kWh of the total amount generated 59 2 came from electric utilities, the rest coming from producers and heat providers and independent electricity most of all the electrical energy, 77 kWh 8 502000000000 5, came from fired power oil with coal in second place at 1 644000000000 15 kWh and other renewable energy sources in third place with 696,766 million kWh March 6 hydroelectric and other gas-fired plants accounted for the remaining All power plants of Hawaii are private property.
In 2004, Hawaii was not known proven reserves or production of crude oil or natural gas from 2005, two refineries in the state had a combined crude oil distillation capacity of 147,000 barrels per day.
In 2004, food and food products accounted for slightly more than 23 of the value of the shipment of all products manufactured in Hawaii, including sugar and pineapple other major industries are clothing; stone, clay, and glass products; manufactured metal; and shipbuilding.

According to the US Survey Census Bureau ASM manufacturers for 2004, the manufacturing sector of Hawaii has covered about five byproducts The value of the shipment of all products manufactured in the state of this same year was 4 560 billion of this total, food manufacturing accounted for the largest share to 1 066 billion has been followed by the manufacture of non-metallic mineral products 206 697 000 000; printing business and related support to 176 659 million; Miscellaneous Manufacturing 106 213 000 000; and the manufacture of clothing to 88 540 million.
In 2004, a total of 14.035 people in Hawaii were employed in the manufacturing sector of the state, according to ASM Of these, 8901 were workers in real output in terms of total employment, the industry food manufacturing accounted for the bulk of all manufacturing employees in 4773 to 3253 the actual production workers has been followed by printing and related support activities in 1569 employed 875 workers in real output; manufacturing clothing 1456 employees 934 workers in real output; Miscellaneous Manufacturing 1364 employees to 639 workers in real output; and non-metallic mineral product manufacturing with 1046 employees 654 workers in real output.
The ASM data for 2004 showed that the manufacturing sector of Hawaii paid 522,317 million salary this amount, the sector of manufacture of food products accounted for the largest share 193 384 000 000 This was followed by printing and related support services to 51 311 million; Nonmetallic Mineral Product Manufacturing 46 481 million; Miscellaneous Manufacturing 42 363 million; and the manufacture of clothing to 27 977 million.
According to the 2002 census of wholesale trade, wholesale trade sector of Hawaii reported sales this year a total of 9 9 billion 1.876 durable goods wholesalers facilities accounted for 861 establishments, while the number of wholesalers nondurable goods totaled 919, with electronic markets, agents and brokers representing 96 establishments selling nondurable goods wholesalers in 2002 amounted to 5 9 billion sales data for wholesalers of durable goods and for electronic markets, agents and brokers in the wholesale industry was not available.
In the 2002 census retail, Hawaii was listed as having 4,924 retail establishments, with sales of 13 billion The main types of retail businesses by the number of establishments were clothing accessories and 1239 stores; Miscellaneous Store Retailers 809; stores of food and drinks 722; and motor vehicles and auto parts dealers 336 in terms of sales, general merchandise stores accounted for the largest share of retail sales 2 56 billion, followed by motor vehicle parts and motor vehicle dealers to 2 55 billion and food and beverage stores 2 2 billion A total of 63.794 people were employed in the retail sector in Hawaii this year.
The central position of Hawaii in the Pacific provides a significant flow of goods through exports district customs Honolulu in 2005 totaled 02 billion 1 Hawaii's main trading partners are Japan for exports and Japan, Singapore and Indonesia the imports.

Bureau of Consumer Protection of Hawaii, a division of the Ministry of Commerce and Consumer Affairs, requires state laws on consumer protection and provides information on landlord-tenant It was created in 1969 to protect interests of consumers and legitimate businesses by investigating consumer complaints alleging unfair or deceptive trade practices in a wide range of areas, including advertising, refunds, the rental of motor vehicles, sales of door-to-door, and credit practices.
In support of the State Office of Consumer Protection, the state attorney general can bring civil and criminal proceedings; administer consumer protection programs and education; and handling consumer complaints, however, the Office of the Attorney General as limited subpoena powers and can not represent the State before other state or federal regulators in antitrust actions, the Attorney General's Office may act on behalf of those consumers who are unable to act on their own; initiate actions for damages on behalf of the State in the courts of the State; criminal prosecution; and represent counties, cities and other government entities to recover civil damages under the law of the state or federal.
The Office of Consumer Protection has offices in the cities of Hilo, Honolulu and Wailuku.
In June 2005, Hawaii was seven insured banks, savings and loans and savings banks, and three chartered credit unions of state and federally chartered GPs 96 GPs Excluding the Honolulu market area were 10 institutions financial 2004 in June 2005, GPs accounted for 16 1 all assets held by all financial institutions of the state, or some 6 750 billion banks, savings and loans and savings banks collectively account for the remaining 83 9 or 35 090 billion of assets held regulatory Hawaii s financial institutions are managed by the Ministry of Commerce and consumer financial institutions Division.
In 2004, the median net interest margin the difference between the lower rates offered to savers and higher rates on loans stood at 4 24 down 4 50 2003 In the fourth quarter 2005, the median percentage of unrecognized loans outstanding to total loans amounted to 0 22 0 against 57 in 2004 and 86 in 2003 0.
In 2004, there were 577,000 individual life insurance policies in force with a total value of 5 billion 58; Total value for all categories of life insurance, group and credit was 91 4 billion The average amount of coverage is 101500 per policy holder death benefits this year totaled more than $ 234 million.

In 2003, there were three life and health insurance and 17 property and casualty insurance companies were domiciled in the State in 2004, direct premiums for property and casualty insurance totaled 2 billion that year, there were 49.379 insurance policies against floods in force in the state, with a total value of 6 5 billion.
In 2004, 60 residents of the state held health insurance policies related to employment, 3 detained individual policies, and 24 were covered by Medicare and Medicaid; 10 uninsured residents in 2003, employee contributions for family health coverage based on average use about 26 The average employee contribution for single coverage was 8, the lowest in the nation The state offers not a benefit-expansion program for health under the Consolidated omnibus budget Reconciliation Act COBRA, 1986, a health insurance program for people who lose their job-related coverage due to termination or the reduction of working hours.
In 2003, there were 730.946 current car insurance policies for minimum coverage passenger cars includes the liability for personal injuries up to 20 000 per person and 40,000 for all persons injured in an accident, and the damage liability of 10,000 personal injury protection is also required in 2003, the average expenditure per vehicle insurance coverage was 774 39.
Honolulu Stock Exchange, established in 1898, halted trade 30 December 1977 2005, there were 430 personal financial advisors employed in the state and 320 securities, financial products and services sales agents in 2004, there were 18 listed companies in the state with five companies NASDAQ, NYSE, AMEX and three three ads ads in 2006, the state had two Fortune 1000 companies; Hawaiian Electric Industries NYSE ranked first in the state and 755 in the nation with revenues of over $ 2 2 billion, followed by Alexander and Baldwin NASDAQ.
Development and implementation of the biennial budget of Hawaii are the responsibilities of the Department of Budget and Finance The exercise of the year runs from 1 July to 30 June
From fiscal 2000, the reduction of state taxes have been provided for 2006, including reductions in the general excise tax, a tax reduction services for off-state use final, and incentives for high technology in Hawaii 1995 to 2000 companies, the number of high tech companies in Hawaii more than doubled, 300-629.

During fiscal 2006, the general fund has been estimated at 5 to 2 billion resources and 4 to 6 billion spending for 2004, federal subsidies were in Hawaii nearly 2 1 billion.
In the federal budget for year 2007, Hawaii was designed to receive Mar. 15 million in funding SCHIP State Children's Health Insurance Program to help the state to provide health coverage for low-income, uninsured children are not eligible for Medicaid funding is a 23 increase over 2006, it is also expected to receive 8 3 million for the fund investment HOME partnership Program to help Hawaii a wide range of activities who build, buy or rehabilitate affordable housing for rent or homeownership or provide direct rental assistance to low -Income the people funding is an increase from 12 to 2006.
In 2005, Hawaii has collected 4434 million in tax revenue, or 3478 per capita, which placed second among 50 states in the tax burden per capita, the national average was 2192 per capita sales taxes accounted for 48 2 total, selective sales taxes on August 13, taxes on individual income February 31, taxes on corporate income 2 8 and other taxes 1 April.
From 1 January 2006, Hawaii was nine tax brackets on individual income from January 4 to August 25 The state taxes companies at rates ranging from April 4 to June 4, depending on the tranche of taxation.
In 2004, local property taxes amounted to 720 798 000 or 571 per inhabitant per capita ranks the highest state at the national level 42 Hawaii does not collect property taxes at the state level.

Hawaii retail sales taxes at a rate of 4 food purchased for consumption off the premises is taxable; However, a tax credit on income is offset selling food tax The tax on cigarettes is 140 cents per pack, which ranks 11th among the 50 states and the District of Columbia Taxes Hawaii gasoline to 16 cents per gallon This is in addition to the April 18 cents per gallon federal gasoline tax.
According to the Tax Foundation, for every federal tax dollar sent to Washington in 2004, the Hawaiian citizens received 1 60 into federal spending.
Commercial activity in Hawaii is limited by physical factors of land for development is scarce, living costs are relatively high, heavy industry is the inappropriate environment, and there is little land mining OF Moreover, Hawaii is well positioned as trade and communications center, and the role of Hawaii as a defense outpost and tourist haven remains vital the Department of business, economic development and tourism DBEDT is the lead agency leading to economic development and planning the planning Office, a separate agency under the DBEDT has specific responsibility for the ongoing process of long-term strategic planning of ongoing projects in the Office of planning include facilitating a working group Recreate the magic of Waikiki, a case study in resort areas and vital attraya nt; implementation of Brownfields funded by the Environmental Protection Agency revolving loan fund program; Mapping agricultural subdivisions Islands; and implement a smart growth strategy condition, including the holding of stakeholder meetings and public information to raise awareness of the principles and smart growth practices Aloha Tower TDC Development Corporation, formed in 1981 to develop the area around the historic site in downtown Honolulu, is another separate body attached to the DBEDT Aloha Tower Marketplace, completed in 1994, was the first major project TDC seeks to attract private investors to both strengthen international economic base of the community and improve the beautification of the waterfront area was included in an Enterprise Zone EZ, which makes tax incentives to companies eligible tenants in 2006, Hawaii has designated 19 EZ, which are areas with high unemployment, poverty, or other separate public assistance agency of the DBEDT is the high-tech Development Corpora HTDC tion, created in 1982 other separate agencies coordinated by the DBEDT included the Hawaii Tourism Board, the natural energy of Hawaii Authority, the Authority Hawaii Community Development, Land Use of the Commission and the housing Corporation and Community development the DBEDT manages the foreign trade zone program of the free zones of the state, created under a grant issued by the Council in Hawaii federal foreign trade areas in 1965 in 2006, 13 sites on the islands of Oahu, Maui and Hawaii had received FTZ designation, and, of these, three and four general-purpose special-purpose zones were active in other divisions DBEDT include business development and marketing; research and economic analysis; and energy, resources and technology.
Dollar amounts in thousands per capita amounts in dollars.

The infant mortality rate in October 2005 was estimated to be 5 6 1 000 live births in 2003 the birth rate was 14 4 1 000 inhabitants in 2000, the abortion rate was 22 1 1 000 women , a figure that is higher than the national average of 21 3 by 1000 for the same year, but well below the 1992 rates of 46 per 1,000 in 2003, about 82 4 of pregnant women received prenatal care from first quarter in 2004, about 81 children received routine vaccinations before the age of three.
The crude death rate in 2003 was 7 1 death per 1000 in 2002, the mortality rate of the main causes of death from 100,000 residents inhabitants were as follows heart disease, 201 8; cancer, 156 2; cerebrovascular disease, 65 2; the chronic lower airway 21 3; and diabetes 16 4 mortality rate of HIV infection was 2 1 p 100 000 in 2004, the rate of reported AIDS was about 10 8 100 000 in 2002, about 51 6 the population was considered overweight or obese as of 2000, about 19 7 state residents were smokers.
In 2003, Hawaii 24 community hospitals with about 3,100 beds There were approximately 112,000 patients admitted this year to 1 9 million outpatient The census of inpatients daily average was about 2 200 patients, the average cost per day for hospital care 1.350 Also in 2003 were about 45 nursing facilities certified in the state with 4059 beds and an occupancy rate of about 93 8 Hawaii had 302 physicians per 100 000 residents in 2004 and 725 nurses per 100 000 in 2005 to 2004 there were a total of 997 dentists in the state.
Hawaii is the closest of any State to the coverage of universal health care as a result of a 1974 law that requires employers to provide health insurance for full-time workers and a state insurance scheme low-income, part-time workers and Medicaid beneficiaries About 24 residents of the state are enrolled in Medicaid and Medicare in 2004 About 10 of the state population was uninsured in 2004 2003, state health care spending amounted to 2 1 million.

In 2004, about 24 000 people received unemployment benefits, with the average weekly unemployment benefit to 323 During fiscal 2005, the average monthly participation in the food stamp estimated program included approximately 93,584 people 47.309 households; The average monthly payment was about 88 138 per person, which was the highest average in the nation this year, total benefits paid by the State for the food stamp program was approximately 155 8000000.
Temporary Assistance for Needy Families TANF, the federal welfare system that officially replaced the Aid to Families with Dependent Children AFDC in 1997, was again authorized by the Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 TANF is funded by grants federal block which are distributed among the states based on an equation involving the number of beneficiaries in each state in 2004, the state program had 23,000 beneficiaries; spending of the federal government and what TANF 91 million for fiscal 2003.
In December 2004, Social Security benefits were paid to 199.240 Hawaiians This number included 141.990 retired workers, 16,210 widows and widowers, 18,050 disabled workers, 9,480 spouses and 13.510 social security beneficiary children represented 15 6 of the total population of State and 87 5 of the age of the state of the population 65 and retired older workers received an average monthly payment of 945; widows and widows, 879; disabled workers, 915; and spouses, 444 payments for children of retired workers average 464 per month; children of deceased workers, 627; and children of disabled workers, 282 of extra income payments Federal Security went to 22.251 residents of Hawaii in December 2004 averaged 437 per month.
In 2004, there was an estimated 482.873 housing units, 427,673 of which were occupied only 58 9 were owner-occupied, ranking 48th in the state of 51 of the 50 states and the District of Columbia in the number of owners Around 51 4 of all units were single family, Villas About 22 of all housing units were in buildings of 20 units or more, which is the second highest percentage in this category of housing in the nation after the District Columbia's most pressing units on electricity for heating, but about 5476 units were equipped for solar energy is estimated that 20,719 units were lacking telephone service, 4972 plumbing lacked comprehensive and 8549 did not have full kitchen The average household were 2 87 members.
In 2004, 9,000 private dwellings were allowed to build the median home is 364840, the second highest in the nation's median monthly cost of mortgage owners was in 1648 while tenants paid an average of 871 per month; both figures represent the third highest monthly median cost of the nation In September 2005, the state has received a grant of 400,000 US Department of HUD Housing and Urban Development for rural housing programs and development economic, 2006, HUD has allocated more than 5 2 million in Community development Block grants to the state.
Education has developed quickly in Hawaii in 2004, 88 of all state residents 25 years or older had completed high school; June 26 had completed four or more years of college.

Hawaii is the only state to have a single unified public school system was founded in 1840 total enrollment for fall 2002 is 184000 Of these, 131,000 have attended kindergarten schools in the eighth year, and 53,000 attended the high school about 20 2 for students were white, 2 were black 4 4 5 were Hispanic, 72 were 4 of the Pacific islands, and 5 were 0 indigenous Amerindian registrations the total Alaska was estimated at 183,000 in fall 2003 and is expected to be 193,000 by fall 2014, an increase of 5 during the period 2002 to 14 in autumn 2003, there were 37.228 students enrolled in 133 private schools spending for public education in 2003, 04 were estimated to 1 7 billion Since 1969, the national assessment of educational progress NAEP tested students in public schools in the country resulting report card report of the n ation said that in 2005, the eighth year in Hawaii scored 266 of 500 in math compared to the national average of 278.
In fall 2002, there were 65.368 students enrolled at the school or college degree; minority students comprised 65 4 Total enrollment in post-secondary education in 2005, Hawaii was 20 degree-granting institutions of the University of Hawaii Manoa campus has three by far the largest, Hilo and West Oahu Private colleges include Brigham Young Campus University-Hawaii, Chaminade University of Honolulu and Hawaii Pacific College There are seven community colleges.
The Hawaii State Foundation on Culture and the Arts HSFCA was founded in 1965. Current programs include popular is 1983 Arts Program and the Hawaii State Art Museum, which opened in 2002 to exhibit works the art collection of the state HSFCA in 2005, Hawaiian arts organizations received 17 grants totaling $ 934,900 from the National Endowment for the Arts Council Hawaii for the humanities was established in 1972 and has since provided more than 4 million to over 500 projects in the state in 2005, the state received eight grants totaling 1,207,532 National endowment for the humanities HSFCA was to host an international cultural summit in 2006 to celebrate the 40th anniversary of the founding summit of the mission is to bring together artists, educators and municipal leaders of the state and around the world to discuss contemporary issues in culture and art in local and global communities.
Neal Blaisdell Center in Honolulu has a 2158 seater theater and a concert hall, a 8,800 seat arena and exhibition halls Other performance facilities in Honolulu are John F Kennedy Theater at the University of Hawaii, the Waikiki Shell outdoor concerts, and Hawaii Opera Theater, which presents three operas each season the opera season 2007 inclusive Samson and Delilah, Don Giovanni and Madama Butterfly the Honolulu Symphony plays on both Oahu and the neighboring islands Founded in 1900, the Honolulu Symphony holds claim to be the oldest American orchestra the west of the Rocky mountains Oahu Other cultural institutions are community theater Honolulu, Honolulu Theater for youth, Windward Theater Guild and the Center Polynesian cultural.
The Cherry Blossom annual festival includes a number of Japanese cultural events held from January to March, mainly on Oahu's Honolulu Festival, established in 1994 as a forum to encourage cultural cooperation and understanding, has a number of exhibitions art and musical performances Although relatively new, the Honolulu Festival has grown rapidly, drawing about 5,000 participants from Japan alone in 2005 the Aloha Festivals, which started in 1946, now consist of over 300 events taking place on six islands throughout the months of August and September to celebrate music, dance, and history of the different cultures represented in the state; it is the largest festival of Hawaii and the only statewide celebration was held in the US in 2006, Aloha Festivals marked its 60th anniversary with the theme Paniolo Nui O N Hawa II Great Cowboys of Hawaii .

For the fiscal year ending June 2001, the State of Hawaii HSPLS public library system was the only system of public libraries in the state, operating a total of 50 libraries, including 49 branches The system had a combined book and the collection serial publication in that same year of 3,195,000 volumes and a total circulation of 6,747,000 the system also had 185,000 audio and video assets 58,000 3000 Articles in electronic format CD-ROM, magnetic tapes and discs and four mobile libraries in 2000, the University library system of Hawaii in Honolulu were about 3 million volumes during the year 2001, total operating income of HSPLS came to 23.876 million including 895,000 in federal grants and 21.504 million in state subsidies.
Hawaii has 42 major museums and cultural attractions Among the most popular sites are the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific, USS Arizona Memorial at Pearl Harbor, Polynesian Cultural Center, Sea Life Park, Bernice P Bishop Museum specializes in Polynesian Ethnology and the natural history, and Honolulu Academy of Arts outside Oahu, the National Park visitor Kilauea Hawaii Volcanoes Center Kokee natural history Museum Kauai attract more visitors.
Wireless Sales Department Interisland began in 1901, and the radiotelephone service on the continent was created in 1931. In 2004, 95 4-occupied dwellings Hawaii had telephones In addition, in June of the same year, there were 819.262 telephone subscribers mobile wireless in 2003, 63 3 Hawaii households had a computer and 55 0 Hawaii had Internet access had 12 major AM radio stations and 21 major FM stations in 2003, and 10 major television a total of 27,025 Internet domain names were registered in Hawaii in 2000.
In 2005, Hawaii was eight daily six morning and two at night and six newspapers Sunday Honolulu Advertiser 141341 daily 161.325 Sunday Honolulu Star-Bulletin 64305 daily, 64,344 Sunday every day Hawaii Tribune-Herald 18806, 22150 Sunday, Maui 21478 News daily, 25.938 Sunday West Hawaii Today 12397 daily Sunday 15.916 and Garden island 8677 daily, 9130 Sunday.

In 2006, there were more than 1035 non-profit organizations registered in the State, of which about 758 were registered as charitable, educational or religious organizations The leading organization headquartered in Honolulu is East-West Center, a scientific and cultural exchange vehicle Other education of national and international interest organizations, including the Center for information tsunami, the Pacific Whale Foundation, and the Meteoritical Society.
public bodies to promote local and regional arts and culture Historic Hawaii Foundation, Hawaiian Historical Society, the Arts and Culture Program Hawaiian, Honolulu Academy of Arts and environmental concerns Polynesian Cultural Center State are supported by the conservation Council of Hawaii and the Hawaii Agriculture research Center, which focuses on the industry of the local sugar cane.
In 2004, there were 7 million visitor arrivals to the islands, an increase of 8 over 2003 travel spending by visitors who arrived by air reached 10 8 billion in 2003, employs 153,600 people in Hawaii the travel and tourism industry is estimated that 42 of the visitors are from other states the largest international market prices 1 5 million visitors is Japan.
Visitors come for scuba diving, snorkeling, swimming, fishing, whale watching, and sailing; for hula, luau, lei and other pleasures of the distinctive island; for the tropical climate and magnificent beauty; and a remarkable variety of recreational facilities, including 7 national parks and historic sites, 74 national parks, 626 county parks, 17 public golf courses, and 1,600 surf sites recognized The main tourist attractions like the National Park Hawaii volcano; USS Arizona Memorial Oahu; Waimea Canyon Kawai; Diamondhead Beach and Honolulu Oahu; and the Polynesian Cultural Center Oahu Visitors can visit coffee plantations and pineapple Hawaiian Islands are a popular vacation spot for honeymooners.
Hawaii has no major professional sports teams since 1982 Aloha Bowl, a big playoff game of college football played on Christmas Day, was played at Aloha Stadium in Honolulu, as the Hula Bowl, a postseason game All -Star players in January for the Pro Bowl college all-star game of the national Football League is also played in Honolulu the following super Surf Bowl weekend is an extremely popular sport in Hawaii because it is the home of Banzai pipeline, north of Oahu here, the annual Duke Kahanamoku surfing and Hawaii Makaha meeting place is also the site of an annual tournament of the PGA and the famous Ironman Triathlon World competition Transpac Yacht Race is held every two years from California to Honolulu Kona is the site of the International Billfish tournament and fishing club Hawaii Big Game organizes tournaments throughout the state annually football, baseball and bask etball college sports are leading the University of Hawaii Warriors rainb OW produce the best-known college teams.

federal officeholder best known of Hawaii's Daniel K Inouye b 1924, a US senator since 1962 and the first person of Japanese origin elected to Congress Inouye, who lost an arm in World War II, came to the national stage during the investigation of Watergate Senate in 1973, when he was a member of the Special Committee on the activities of the presidential campaign George Ariyoshi R b 1926, was elected governor of Hawaii in 1974, was the first American to Japanese serve as a state chief executive.
commanding figures in Hawaiian history were the king Kamehameha I 1758 1819, which unified the islands by conquest, and Kauikeaouli Kamehameha III, 54, 1813, which transformed Hawaii into a constitutional monarchy Two missionaries who shaped the life and Hawaiian politics were Hiram Bingham 1789 1869 and Gerrit Parmele Judd York, 1803 73 Sanford B Dole 1844 1926 1858 1931 Lorrin Andrews Thurston were leaders of the revolutionary movement that overthrew Queen Liliuokalani 1838 1917 established a republic, and the annexation guarantee by Dole United States was the first president of the Republic and the territory's first governor another important historical figure was Bernice Pauahi Bishop in 1831 88 of the Kamehameha line, who married an American banker and left his fortune to endow the Kamehameha schools in Honolulu; The Bishop Museum was founded by her husband in his memory Luther Halsey Gulick Honolulu born 1865 1918, with his wife, Charlotte Vetter Gulick 1865 1928, founded the Camp Fire Girls.
Don Ho b 1930 is a prominent Hawaiian artist born; singer and actress Bette Midler was born in 1945 was also born in Hawaii in 1889 Duke Kahanamoku in 1968 held the freestyle Olympic swimming 100 meters record of nearly 20 years.
Chambers, John H Hawaii Northampton, Mass Interlink Books, 2005.
Coffman Tom nation in America's history of Annexation of the nation Hawai i ohé Kane, Hawaii Tom Coffman EPI-Center, 1998.
Council of State Governments The Book of the States, 2006 Edition Lexington, Ky Council of State Governments, 2006.

Haas, Michael ed Hawaii multicultural fabric of a multi-ethnic society in New York Garland Publications, 1998.
Odo, Franklin No sword Bury Japanese Americans in Hawaii i during World War Temple University in Philadelphia Press, 2004.
Pratt, Richard C. and Zachary A Smith eds Politics and Public Policy in Hawaii Albany State University of New York Press, 1992.
Richardson, K Reflections of Pearl Harbor An Oral History of the December 7, 1941 Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 2005.

Trask, Haunani-Kay Girl From Colonialism and Indigenous Sovereignty in Hawaii Monroe, Maine Common Courage, 1993.
US Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, Bureau of the Census United States Hawaii 2000 Summary Social, Economic and Housing Characteristics 2000 Census of Population and Housing Washington, D C US Government Printing Office, 2003.
Wood, Wayne S Return to Paradise Continuity and change in Hawaii Lanham, Md University Press of America, 1995.
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Dictionary of American History COPYRIGHT 2003 Gale Group Inc.
HAWAII When Captain James Cook arrived in Hawaii in the 1770s, he found a people living in the most isolated place on earth who had developed a very sophisticated agriculture based mainly on growing taro Kalo, who was cultivated part of the impressive irrigation systems subsistence economy is based on agriculture and harvest products of seafood moved between the farmers and fishermen through reciprocal gift exchanges that are not animated by values ​​or time in the absence of metals, clay, pottery or textile fibers, the people have developed a very advanced culture on the basis of documents provided by the islands.

Politically, the people were governed by regional kings moui which there could be more of a religiously and legally island society is governed by a religion based on a Tabu kapu system that consisted of prohibitions, restrictions and guidelines, all depended for their application on the powers of authority and repression of Kahuna priests in this system, women were forbidden to eat certain foods or dine with men and have been limited in other ways everyday Hawaiians was also regulated by konohiki owners, under which they were living in a semi-feudal state.
The makaÛainana commoners were subject to arbitrary abuses of heads aliÛi presence they had to bow down and were also subject to formal tax each year during the Makahiki season, which took place at the end of each year and has concentrations of people of the area around the burden of taxation has been alleviated by its accompaniment with a festival that included sports and games it was during the Makahiki festival captain Cook sailed into Kealakekua Bay, where he met more later his unfortunate end, and the presence of abnormally high number of people may have caused him to exaggerate the population of the islands.
However, despite their discovery by Cook, the first seemed to offer nothing islands West to economic advantage, and location away from the established trade routes followed discouraged travel John Ledyard, an American who accompanied Cook was struck by the potential benefits to be gained by trading furs Northwest Pacific for products from China Guangzhou Ledyard efforts to interest the American businessmen in such an undertaking were met with skepticism until that his stories were confirmed by the publication of the expedition's journals, after which both English and American merchant ships mission to operate the business.
It was the fur trade between the Pacific Northwest and township who made the Hawaiian Islands a desirable way station and a perfect stop between trading seasons Thus began the rapid transformation of the islands and their interpersonal reciprocal gift exchanges quickly gave way to exchange and trade and the beginnings of commercial agriculture that focused on the growth of products sought by Westerners, many of them added in the islands dependence on stone and other native products for tools and weapons is now complemented by the use of Western firearms metals were also introduced they were used, with the help of Western advisers, by Kamehameha, a Yesh island Hawaii, to unify the islands under its control as king of Hawaii.

Sandalwood The discovery in the islands, and marketing in Canton, gave Hawaii economic value, he had not previously possessed and brought Western mainly American merchants in Honolulu to deal with this precious commodity, especially after Kamehameha died in 1819 ended its monopoly on the trade aliÛi scrambled to exploit the sandalwood forests for access to products from the West fragrant wood provided, contract debts with foreign merchants to pay more later in the sandalwood supplies the beginnings of a monetary economy began to introduce in the traditional subsistence lifestyle, even in the most remote areas.
forced Westernization and the rise of the sugar industry.
After the death of Kamehameha, the traditional Kapu system was rejected by his successor, Liholiho under the influence of the widow of Kamehameha, Kaahumanu, he had appointed as regent kuhina harmed, Prime Minister to advise the new king The reversal put Hawaiian people adrift in a chaotic time would be especially in 1820, two events occurred that further contribute to the transformation of the islands and the constraints on the Hawaiian people the arrival of missionaries Puritans of New England and the introduction of the first hunting ships whaling ports in Hawaii's arrival accelerated the revolution in Hawaiian life that had been inaugurated by the arrival of Cook, the main features that would 1 the transition from a society in which wealth, power and status were based on land one in which they were increasingly measured in arg ent; 2 increasing control of the money economy and the wealth and power and status associated with it by the West rather than the Hawaiian aliÛi; 3 the transition from a rural lifestyle, largely subsistence of an urban, consumerist, with the rise of individualism that comes at the expense of traditional communitarianism; 4 replacing the traditional religion and social controls associated with a mismatched religion Hawaiians form of Calvinist Christianity; 5 the destructive effects of Calvinist missionaries in their efforts to replace any traditional culture with Calvinist own version of acceptable entertainment, laws and institutions; 6 introducing Western laws, practices and institutions that were easily understood by the West, but increasingly placed Hawaiians disadvantage to deal with these foreign devices; 7 blurring of class distinctions between the commoners and chiefs that led to the loss of power and influence by the traditional leadership of the Hawaiian people, creating a vacuum increasingly filled by missionaries and other Westerners; and 8 integration of Hawaii in the global economy, with the accompanying globalization of Hawaiian culture and daily life.
In the 1890s, mercantilism, urbanization and individualism replaced subsistence farming and rural communalism as the main features of life in the islands, while large market their sugar plantations in products foreign countries had largely supplanted the Kuleana small fields Hawaiian farmers Hawaiian religion was replaced by Christianity, and the Kapu system Puritan law codes, while traditional prerogatives of aliÛi and Yesh had been usurped by a new white aliÛi decision on behalf of a Republic of Hawaii where Hawaiians franchise had been so severely limited that they were a minority of voters.
Although there have been many milestones in the march toward this spell, a major problem was certainly the passage by the Legislature of the Kingdom of the law on foreign land in 1850, which allowed foreigners for the first time to own land in fee simple Prior to this act, the economic penetration by foreign interests was largely limited to trade once the security of land ownership has been provided, however, foreign interests, mainly American, were ready to undertake investment in productive enterprises such as sugar plantations and factories that falling demand for whale oil and baleen whales hunted to death in the 1860s and 1870s, cultivation, processing and export of sugar has increased in importance ratification by the United States in 1875 a reciprocity treaty with the Kingdom of Hawaii greatly accé léré growth of the sugar industry the effect, however, was to make the kingdom depends almost entirely on sugar for its prosperity, and the sugar industry, in turn, almost totally dependent on the US market as the tentacles an octopus, sugar plantations reached over the land on which to develop the culture of high value.

Another effect of the law of reciprocity has been to accelerate the import of mainly Chinese and Japanese workers to work on plantations, because there was not enough to do the job Hawaiians Hawaiian population, estimated between 300,000 and 500,000 at the time of Cook's arrival, had declined in the late 1870s to less than 60,000, while between 1876 and 1890 sugar planters imported 55,000 Chinese and Japanese workers in 1876, the Hawaiians, despite their small numbers, still represent 90 percent of the population of the islands in 1890, they are not even the majority in their own country.
The combination of the law of reciprocity and bayonet constitution enforced by the white oligarchy of King Kalakaua in 1887 solidified the position and prosperity of this oligarchy Hawaii The act of reciprocity allowed the shipment of sugar on the market US duty free, putting on the same basis as the sugar produced in the country and a competitive advantage with other foreign sugars constitution in 1887 assured the farmers and control business on the government kingdom, making them safe in their vast investment in the islands in the early 1890s, however, profits and power have been undermined by two events, one in Washington and one in Honolulu.
The first was the passage into law of the McKinley tariff in 1890, which deprived the Hawaiian sugar all the benefits he had received by granting duty-free to all foreign sugars while offering a premium to domestic sugar producers the second was the death of King Kalakaua and Liliuokalani's estate as queen, who ascended the throne determined to get the crown the powers it had lost in the 1887 constitution.
In January 1893, a combination of circumstances centering on the queen's proposal to enact a new constitution on its own initiative triggered a coup almost without bloodshed at a critical time, US forces were moved ashore USS Boston and then in the port of Honolulu, at the instigation of the US Minister to Hawaii, John l Stevens a provisional government was established under Sanford B Dole and a mission was sent to Washington, DC to negotiate a treaty for the annexation of the islands by the United States.

The timing is unfortunate for a friendly annexation for the Republican Benjamin Harrison, was about to return to the White House a few sympathetic Democrat Grover Cleveland The treaty negotiated with the Harrison administration has been blocked in the Senate until the inauguration of Cleveland, Cleveland then launched an investigation that seemed to prove the guilt of the previous administration in the overthrow refused the support of the white House, the annexation treaty shot dust in the Senate until the election of Republican William McKinley in 1896 and the Spanish-American war has renewed enthusiasm for the expansion that has made possible annexation of Hawaii by a joint resolution of Congress August 12, 1898, the flag of the United States was raised on Iolani Palace in Honolulu.
Once the United States Constitution, sugar planters could be safer in their profits, but their political power has been eroded by the deductible coverage to all adult males Hawaii, which has the majority of voters eligible in the first territorial election Hawaiians own Home Rule Party elected a majority of the legislature and as delegate of the territory in Congress placed on the defensive, planters negotiated an agreement with Prince Jonah Kalanianaole Kuhio, an heir to the throne of the monarchy deceased, to run on the Republican ticket for delegate to the Congress, which attracts enough Hawaiian voters on the Republican side to give the Republicans controlled planter effective political rule until the Second World war.
Over the next forty years, however, the conditions were created for the political transformation of Hawaii by the arrival of tens of thousands of new immigrants, especially now in the Philippines; by the arrival at the age of voting son and daughters of those earlier immigrants; and the rise of the labor movement in Hawaii The Great Depression and New Deal of the 1930s has no impact on Hawaii as they did the continental United States, but they do influence Hawaii received a share of the civil engineering work and the -relief expenses improved its infrastructure just in time for the World war II needs These programs were administered by federal officials from the mainland which has breathed new life in the Democratic Party Hawaii legislation such as the national Industrial Recovery Act and the national law on labor Relations gave enormous stimulus to the unionization of Hawaii workers at the same time, the tendency on the part of some members of Franklin D Roosevelt administration to deal with Hawaii as an insular possession as the Philippines and Puerto Rico, rather than as a territory of the United States, as in the case of the Act on the Jones-Costigan sugar, convinced many that only government could provide security that Hawaii's economy needed.
Within twenty-four hours of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor December 7, 1941, life in the islands has changed, that the territory came under strict martial law that has worked closely with the oligarchy white usually called Big Five, which consisted of Alexander and Baldwin, American factors, C Brewer and Company, Castle and Cooke and Theo H Davies and Company on the surface it seems to be only a brief interruption of the normal and the situation of the 1930s quo would return after the war, but many new factors have been introduced over the years of war that accelerated the changes already underway in the 1930s on the one hand, the war many new workers from the mainland who their union loyalties and antipathy for large enterprises who ruled Hawaii and the political party that represented them many of these t Regular workers remained after the end of the war, as many soldiers who had been exposed to the islands for the first time Another factor is that many of Hawaii's minorities have gone to fight in the war, including Americans AJAs Japanese who made the famous 100th infantry battalion, Regimental Combat Team and 442D advantage of their benefits to veterans after the war, many have continued to receive university degrees and even graduate degrees and professional studies and would undertake to bring reforms in Hawaii.

In 1954, a Democratic Party that had been reinvigorated by the leadership of former police officer John A Burns in collaboration with Daniel K Inouye as AJAs and others, was able to take control of both chambers of the territorial legislature in 2002 Democrats were still control of both houses, the loss of the Big Five political control was quickly followed by the weakening of economic control as well as the delegate of Hawaii in Congress, Burns has worked tirelessly for the state to the islands, he finally succeeded in 1959, Congress approved a government bill on June 17 this year, the Hawaii voters ratified a state by a margin of 17 1 and August 21, the President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed the bill admitting Hawaii as the fiftieth state in the Union.
At a special election in 1959, the last appointed territorial governor, Republican William Quinn, became the first elected governor of the state, when he staged a surprising victory over John Burns But in 1962, Burns broke Quinn paving the way for an uninterrupted succession of Democratic governors for the rest of the twentieth century Meanwhile, the strategy of the Democratic party has changed from that of a party of the working class to one based on race, on the basis of calls to the descendants of immigrant workers Hawaii plantations of any class.
Statehood did not spare the sugar industry of Hawaii The combination of rising costs and foreign competition led to the fall of the industry in the late twentieth century have left at least temporarily without a viable industry, State of Hawaii was forced to rely almost entirely on tourism for its prosperity, tourists sought from around the world, especially in Asian tourism, however, depended on the economic conditions in the countries of origin of economic crises frequent in the Americas and Asia over the decades revealed how fragile economic base became Hawaii when they triggered a severe recession in the islands which continued in the twenty-first century.
Meanwhile, the traditional Hawaiian culture, so long dormant as its survival was called into question, staged a revival in the 1970s, inspired largely by the evolution of the continental United States, there including civil rights and ethnic studies movements of the 1960s Hawaiian renaissance encompasses both cultural and political, with a renewed interest in both traditional Hawaiian culture and newer and language, and the debut of 'Hawaiian political activism in opposition to development on Oahu and the US Navy bombing on the island of Kahoolawe two laws passed during the Lyndon Johnson presidency contributed to two aspects of renaissance creation of the national Foundation of Arts and Letters 1965 provided funds to encourage growth and under-standing of the arts and letters with the patronage of the Government available Hawaïe ns and others interested in traditional Hawaiian culture were encouraged to undertake creative activities, pursue traditional arts and crafts, and learning and disseminate information on culture The model cities program launched by the federal government in 1966 encouraged the political activism of the base and provided greater opportunities for participation and leadership of Hawaiians.
The influence of the Hawaiian renaissance deeply affected constitutional convention of state in 1978, especially the Hawaiian package of amendments that the new constitution included the new Constitution recognizes the Hawaiian language as an official state languages ​​of the eleven years after its use was still forbidden, confirmed Hawaiians in various traditional rights and established the Office of Hawaiian Affairs to represent the interests of native Hawaiians Four years later, the head of the Hawaiian forces in the agreement, John Waihee, was elected Lieutenant Governor of the State, and in 1986 he was elected to the first of two terms as governor.

The twentieth century ended with many Hawaiians seeking the highest point of the revival to some extent, sovereignty, and many others continue the renewed interest in Hawaiian culture and language among new opportunities available in schools and state colleges also ended with signs of a possible resurgence of the Republican Party as the apparent result of decades that Hawaii had spent in the economic doldrums.
Daws, Gavan time a shoal A history of the Hawaiian Islands from New York Macmillan 1968.
Fuchs, Lawrence H Hawaii Pono A social history of New York Harcourt, Brace and World, 1961 Reprint, San Diego Harcourt, Brace and Jovanovich, 1983.
Kuykendall, Ralph S Hawaiian Kingdom 3 flights Honolulu University of Hawaii, 1938 1967.
Food Encyclopedia and culture Copyright 2003 The Gale Group Inc.

Located almost dead center in the North Pacific Ocean 2,500 miles west of California Hawaii consists of a chain of 132 coral and volcanic islands stretching a thousand miles of the Big Island Wake Island Centuries of volcanic activity filed layers of ash that have enriched the soil strong sun combined with moderate temperatures and lots of rain produced a long growing season in the middle of a tropical paradise, a paradise that attracted European and American merchants and adventurers nineteenth century interest in the exploitation of natural resources of Hawaii a result was an economy dominated by the king sugar, employing waves of immigrants to do the backbreaking work declined by native Hawaiians.
This successive importation of workers left Hawaii with m lange thriving cultures, each of which has its own contribution to twentieth-century phenomenon known as Food Local name a Creole blend of different cuisines, including Polynesian, Japanese, Chinese, Portuguese, Korean, and American, the local diet focuses on carbohydrates ancient Hawaiian quest.
When human beings originally landed on the Hawaiian coast between 300 and 500 EC have probably sailed about two thousand miles from Samoa they met over a hundred species of birds, including poultry great, many fish and seafood in the coastal reefs and lagoons, some fruit trees at high altitude, ferns, several types of limu seaweed, and nearly a thousand flowering plants These species had come gradually on trade winds and ocean currents and evolved in isolation hundreds of thousands of years.
But the same geological conditions of deep canyons, cliffs, forests, bogs, and a large variation in atmospheric pressure, precipitation, temperature and wind that produced a unique Hawaiian flora and fauna have also limited its native foods amazing diversity of Hawaii included almost no edible vegetation and no source of edible carbohydrates Fortunately, early Hawaiians brought at least twenty-seven types of food products, including coconut, fruit bread, sweet potato, banana, sugar cane, arrowroot, wild ginger, mountain apple, taro and revered by the ancient Hawaiians, who pounded roots into a paste, which remains poi starchy also they imported pigs, chickens and dogs by mistake, they brought along with rats.
They lived well on their isolated islands They ate lots of raw foods, including some fish Other food was cooked in Imus, earthen pits lined with wood and lava stone kiawe They prepared for bad weather by drying and salting fish Though they were not distilled alcoholic beverages, they used the kava roots AWA and ti a lily compared to brew beverages narcotics.

Early Hawaiians were legendary sailors who had traveled thousands of miles using the stars, the sun, the winds and currents, movement of cloud masses and flocks of birds There is evidence that they continued to sail their outrigger canoes hundred feet along to the remote islands in the Pacific, bringing food, plants and spouses.
Between the eleventh and thirteenth centuries, aggressive, Polynesians roaming Samoa and Tahiti settled in Hawaii and established a feudal system overseen by their nobles and priests The new feudal lords protected the ancient fishponds their walls, gave day five thousand pounds fish, and improvement of traditional irrigation systems by building elaborate rock terraces.
They dedicated property rights widely enough, allowing most Hawaiians eat well The new leaders also implemented many complex Kapus, or taboos, some of which have helped to manage scarce resources Their land distribution system is quoted by biologists for habitat protection the enormous freshwater ponds and seawater were integrated into agriculture, and river valleys were managed as unified systems the upland forest left uncut by taboo, helped the rivers supply nutrients for downstream fields and fishponds Seasons to pick up or catch food or rare game were strictly enforced taboos Some were excluded, particularly towards women, who were prevented from preparing food to eat or with men they are not allowed to eat the best foods, such as nuts coconut, shark meat, and pork taboo violation is punishable by death.
When Captain James Cook landed on Kauai in 1778, the Hawaiians had developed a comfortable economic system supervised by a feudal government Westerners soon change all that.

Cook was the first of many sailors to use Hawaii as a way station to refuel and resupply ships in the middle of the ocean, it is known to have solved the huge problem of scurvy sailors, it was concluded due to a lack of fresh vegetables and fruits at each port, he sought especially citrus fruits, vegetables, including onions and potatoes, fish and meat.
The lush islands have much to offer Cook, who took no pity huge amounts of food to his first trip, exploiting the Hawaiian generosity While Hawaiians had welcomed him with a lavish party for his first visit, they stabbed to death when he returned in 1779.
Cook Hawaiians gave the first specimens of Western flora and fauna goats, pigs English, and melon, pumpkin and onion seeds are behind him came whalers and traders in the late eighteenth century, then the American missionaries, mostly Congregationalists in 1820.
The missionaries introduced the church, the school, the printed word, woolen clothing, wooden houses, and many foods They sought to clean, feed and clothe Hawaiians according to Christian standards to make them more sensitive to the beef gospel was available because the cattle had been imported in 1793 by captain George Vancouver, who had convinced the King Kamehameha to enable women and men to eat, as long as they were eating different cows.
The congregants brought their precious potatoes England food, apples, salt cod, salt beef, butter and cheese food has become an essential tool in Christianity Hawaiians and distract them from their traditional practices regent When converted to Kaahumanu Christianity in 1824, she held a service at the edge of the fire pit Halemaumau sacred to the goddess Pele Declaring his allegiance to the Lord, she ate ohelo berries, which were both sacred to Pele and women Not a taboo murmur was heard of the goddess of the volcano.
Meanwhile, Westerners had also introduced their diseases, which reduced the native Hawaiian population of about 300 000 to Cook's arrival to 60 000 in mid-1800 and 40,000 by the end of the century, sugar industry rapidly expanding many plantations belonged to missionaries and their descendants imported thousands of Chinese workers and to replace Japanese Hawaiians Just as the arrival of Westerners nearly wiped native Hawaiians, the domination of agriculture first by sugar and pineapple destroyed by the Hawaiian system of small farming supervised by religious laws, which regulated hunting and agriculture.

Although the rich whites were important administrative positions in the Hawaiian government, governing indirectly, they have become increasingly dissatisfied with the monarchy, which they consider corrupt and inefficient They wanted to secure property rights build their plantations and they would no restrictions on importing labor they overthrew the monarchy in 1893, Hawaii became a US territory in 1900 and the fiftieth state in 1959.
Between 1852 and 1930, the Chinese and Japanese, Okinawan, Norwegians, Germans, Koreans, Puerto Ricans, Portuguese, and Filipinos were imported by the extremely powerful factors that provided plantations with all their needs, including workers Workers wanted their own food, and plantation shops procured abroad if it could not be grown locally which could be cultivated rice was thus became the third most important crop in Hawaii, after sugar and pineapple most immigrants brought seeds with them, but they could not always grow arose manufacturers to produce tofu, noodles, kimchi, and well.
In this diversity came yet another set of missionaries economists at home, mostly trained by the Teachers College of Columbia University Convinced of the legitimacy of their field, home economists taught at the University of Hawaii , a University of concession lands newly created Working with the electric and gas companies in the 1920s, they developed recipes that require new appliances stoves, ovens and refrigerators they promulgated nutrition messages and agricultural advice service extension they cataloged the tropical foods locally grown and analyzed the nutritional values ​​of the Hawaiian diet they encouraged the consumption of American food, including milk, many Hawaiians adults were unable to properly digest they trained managers school cafeteria to produce a steak Salisbury, potato puree and creamed corn and they wrote the first cookbook on local products.
Hawaii sad history of colonial exploitation is tempered by its exuberant ethnic diversity is nowhere clearer than in food are themselves local call, Hawaiians call the food they eat local food, a term that most food writers Capitalize now identified in 1920 a separate phenomenon, local food mixes dishes from each ethnic group in Hawaii unique shapes, the most famous of the plate served to guests and lunch carts This includes two rice balls sticky, cooked Asian-style meat and macaroni or potato salad all eaten with chopsticks local food includes crushed ice, wonton spam, malasadas Portuguese donuts, soup saimin noodles, Chinese plum crack seeds preserved and butter mochi rice a garment.
With the exception of native coconut trees and banana, most foods associated with Hawaii are imported The first immigrants, the people canoe, brought with them twenty-four different plants Since 1800, a large number of plants additional, including pineapple, papaya, avocado, guava, sugar cane, coffee and macadamia nuts were introduced Kiawe Even the tree a variety of family that includes mesquite, and is now endemic the islands was introduced.
Hawaii agricultural product first in modern times, the pineapple is native to Paraguay Although introduced in the early 1800s, it was not a commercial success until the early twentieth century, when it was canned and sold to the US market in the early 1950s, almost 75 percent of pineapple on the world market was Hawaiian, through advertising inspired Hawaii has not left today canning his entire crop is distributed costs, which is about a million tons of fruit, one-third of world consumption.

The popular Kona coffee, imported by Don Francisco Paulay Marino in 1828, flourished in the volcanic soil of Hawaii, enhanced by the altitude and the climate at the same time soft and robust, Kona beans became famous in world after the crash of 1899, when large plantations began to lease their land to the families of workers, which greatly improved the methods and quality of production many of these families are now in their fifth generation, producing some two million pounds per year in the 1990s, coffee started to replace sugar cane plantations on several other islands including Kaua i Maui Moloka i and O ahu now exceeding the total production in Kona most Hawaiian beans are sold for coffee blends sold as Kona blend should be at least 10 percent Kona.
Theobroma cacao, Criollo variety, could benefit from the same volcanic soil and climate and thrive Although the equatorial origin, cross cocoa Hawaiian race, which has a nutty flavor and low acidity, is growing rapidly in its equatorial sunlight competitors need his shadow pods are harvested at the beginning of two years instead of five and trees are more productive than elsewhere on average a hundred pods each, five times the world average chocolate is premium gasoline .
While macadamia nuts were brought to Hawaii as ornamental plants in the nineteenth century, they did not become a commercial crop until the 1920s because the nut is very difficult to crack, it is normally sold peeled and because its production is labor intensive percent walnut harvest of books only give ten to fifteen pounds of edible meat macadamia Hawaii garner a premium price twenty thousand acres of trees planted macadamia today, trees are life fifty years.
Sugar cane, now moved as a cash crop, was introduced by the Polynesians in the nineteenth century, it has become the islands most important commercial crops; it was for sugar cane that Western economic interests finally overthrew the monarchy.

Bananas were both indigenous and imported with seventy varieties grown on the island now and the prestige of some distinctions Jean-Marie Jossellin compares Hawaiians between bananas Eskimo distinctions snow varieties.
As the resident population of 1 million Hawaii serves some 6 million tourists a year, the influence of foreigners on the Hawaiian food can hardly be overestimated Until the late twentieth century that the influence was disastrous, with Honolulu having perhaps the worst restaurants of any large Western city Even once elegant hotels like the Royal Hawaiian serve miserably bad meal in the name of traditional religious holidays luaus cause of real importance to farce degraded by commercial exploitation.
But it is also true that many foods thought to be Hawaiian are many so-called Hawaiian food served in the Polynesian restaurants in the Americas was invented in California and promulgated by Trader Vic's restaurant and other rice fried satays, curries with coconut milk, rum drinks garnished with flowers and paper umbrellas, and dishes named after the goddess Pele or king Kamehameha unrelated Hawaii.
Since the early 1990s, a true Pacific cuisine with an emphasis on cross-cultural influences, but using local ingredients developed which benefited small farmers by giving them opportunities for superb fruit and vegetables Maui onions Vidalias comparable to the Manoa lettuce, watermelon Kahuku, Waimanalo corn, oranges Kona Valencia a competitor and avocados, papayas Puna, and an amazing range of marine algae and ferns.
Meanwhile, Native Hawaiians reversed their declining population of about a quarter of the resident population of one million in the early twenty-first century Hawaii says a Hawaiian ancestry who is a native resolution is a native Hawaiian is someone one who eats malaria, a condiment chopped pieces of fish head and stomach mixed with small amounts of relish kukui candlenut, chilli and garlic Not many fraudulent Hawaiians may appear to win this diploma.
Also coffee; Fruit; Companies Pacific Ocean; Sugar and sweeteners; sugar crops and natural sweeteners.

Corum Ann Kondo Foods Ethnic Hawai i Honolulu Bess Press, 1983.
Costa-Pierce, Barry A former aquaculture in Hawaii Bioscience 320 1987 320 331.
Daws, Gavan shoal time A history of the University of Hawaii Islands Honolulu Hawaii Press, 1974.
Eyre, David L by wind, by Wave Introduction to Hawai i s Natural History Honolulu Bess Press, 2000.
Grimshaw, Patricia paths of Duty American missionary wives in the nineteenth century Hawaii Honolulu Hawaii University Press, 1989.

Juvik Sonia P and James O Juvik, led by Atlas Hawai i 3d ed University of Honolulu Hawai i Press, 1998.
Laudan, Rachel Food culinary paradise Exploring the heritage of the University of Hawaii Honolulu Hawaii Press, 1996.
Hawaii h w h v 50 state of the United States, including a group of eight major islands and numerous islets in the center of the Pacific Ocean, c 2100 mid 3380 km southwest of San Francisco.
Zone, 6450 sq mi 16706 km square Pop 2010 1360301 a March 12th increase since the 2000 census and the largest city of the capital, Honolulu Statehood, August 21, 1959 50th highest state pt, Mauna Kea, 13,796 feet 4208 meters ; low pt sea level Nickname, Aloha State Motto, Ua Mau Ke EAO Ka Aina I Ka Pono Life on Earth is perpetuated in righteousness State bird, goose Hawaiian state flower, tree hibiscus State candlenut Abr HI.

The Hawaiian Islands are of volcanic origin and are lined with coral reefs in Hawaii is the largest and geologically the youngest island in the group, and Oahu, where the capital, Honolulu is located, is the other main islands and more populated are economically important Kahoolawe Kauai Lanai Maui Molokai Niihau and the Hawaiian islands Northwest, consisting of uninhabited islets and containing not more Midway stretching 1100 km from Nihoa mid 1800 in Kure most islands are included in national wildlife refuge of the Hawaiian island; the waters and surrounding coral reefs are in the huge 84 million acres to 34 million hectares of reserve Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Coral Reef atoll Palmyra and Kingman Reef who were within Hawaii when he was a US territory, were excluded when a state is reached.
U The only state in the tropics, Hawaii is sometimes called the Pacific paradise because of its abundant sunshine spectacular beauty; expanses of lush green plants and colorful flowers; merrily palm fringed coral beaches with rolling white surf; and volcanic peaks covered with clouds of rising majestic heights of some of the largest active volcanoes and inactive world are on Hawaii and Maui; eruptions of active volcanoes have provided spectacular displays, but their lava flows have sometimes caused great damage Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa are volcanic mountains on the island of Hawaii; Haleakala volcano on Maui is the Haleakala National Park.
The vegetation is lush generally throughout the islands, with however, the forests of giant ferns in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park Kahoolawe, is arid and Niihau and Molokai have very dry seasons Although many species of birds and domestic animals been introduced in the islands, there are few wild animals other than wild boar and goats, and there are no snakes coastal waters teem with fish.
more ethnic and cultural groups are represented in Hawaii than in any other Chinese state workers who came to work in the sugar industry, were the first large groups of immigrants to arrive in 1852, and Filipinos and Koreans were the last after 1900 other immigrant groups including Portuguese, German, Japanese and Puerto Ricans came in the latter part of the 19th century intermarriage with other races resulted in a further decline the number of pure-blooded Hawaiians, which represent a very small percentage of the population.
Pineapple, agricultural seeds and sugar cane are the main agricultural products of macadamia nuts, papayas, greenhouse vegetables and coffee are also important Other products include cattle and dairy commercial fishing, especially tuna is as important tourism is, however, the main source of income and defense installations, including Pearl Harbor followed.
The constitution of Hawaii was drafted in 1950 and entered into force in 1959 with a state governor is elected every four years, the legislature has a senate of 25 members and a House of Representatives with 51 members The state elects two representatives and two senators in the United States Congress and has four Hawaii multicultural electoral votes has long been a democratic state, but Republicans have made recent progress in 1994, Democrat Benjamin J Cayetano became the first American Filipino to be elected governor a US state; he was reelected in 1998 Linda Lingle, elected governor in 2002, became the second Republican to win the post for a state, and was re-elected four years later in 2010, a Democrat Neil Abercrombie, was elected governor, and in 2014 Democrat David Ige was elected.

Institutions of higher education include Hawaii University of Hawaii, with campuses in Honolulu, Hilo, and Pearl City; Chaminade University and Hawaii Pacific University in Honolulu; and the Hawaii campus of Brigham Young University in Laie, Oahu.
The first known settlers of the Hawaiian Islands were Polynesian Voyagers who may have arrived as early as 300; but attended by 800 AD The islands were first visited by Europeans in 1778 by the English explorer Captain James Cook, who named them the Sandwich Islands for the English Earl of Sandwich At this time, the islands were under the war domination of native kings.
In 1810 Kamehameha I see under Kamehameha became the sole ruler of all the islands, and in the peace that followed, agriculture and trade were promoted Due to the hospitality of Kamehameha, American traders could exploit sandalwood islands, which was much valued in China to trade time with China reached its peak during this period, however, the period of the rule of Kamehameha was also one of European decline and Americans brought with them devastating infectious diseases, and over the years, the Aboriginal population was greatly reduced the adoption of Western ways of trading for profit, using firearms, and drinking alcohol contributed the decline of the indigenous cultural tradition This period also marked the breakdown of traditional religion Hawaiian, with his belief in idols and human sacrifices; years of religious unrest followed.
When missionaries arrived in 1820, they found a less idyllic than Hawaii Captain Cook discovered Kamehameha III, who ruled from 1825 until his death in 1854, relied on the missionaries for advice and allowed them to preach Christianity missionaries established schools, developed the Hawaiian alphabet and used to translate the Bible into Hawaiian in 1839, Kamehameha III issued a guarantee of religious freedom, and the following year a constitutional monarchy was established from 1842-1854 American, GP Judd has served as Prime Minister, and under its influence many reforms have been carried out in the decades following the trade ties between Hawaii and the United States increased.
In 1848, the islands feudal land system was abolished, making the investment can private property and encouraging capital in the country at that time, the sugar industry, which was introduced in the 1830s, was well established sugar Hawaiian has won a prime position on the US market under a reciprocity treaty made with the United States in 1875, the treaty was renewed in 1884 but not ratified the ratification came in 1887, when an amendment was added giving the exclusive right in the United States to establish a naval base at Pearl Harbor the amount of sugar exported to the United States increased considerably, and American businessmen began to invest in the Hawaiian sugar industry with Hawaiians in the industry, they came to exert a strong influence on the economy and the government of the islands, a domination that lasted until the Secon world war.

The Reversal of Queen Liliuokalani and Annexation.
Towards the end of the 19 percent agitation for constitutional reform in Hawaii led to the overthrow of Queen Liliuokalani in 1893 that had prevailed since 1891 A provisional government was established and John L Stevens, the American minister in Hawaii, proclaimed the country a protectorate US President Grover however, Cleveland, refused to annex Hawaii since most Hawaiians did not support a revolution; Hawaiians and Americans in the sugar industry had encouraged the overthrow of the monarchy to meet their business needs.
The United States attempted to achieve the restoration of Queen Liliuokalani, but the interim government on islands refused to relinquish power and instead established in 1894 a republic with Sanford B Dole as successor, President William McKinley President Cleveland, favored the annexation, which was finally completed in 1898 in 1900, the islands were made on a territory with Dole governor in this period, the industry pineapple Hawaii expanded as pineapples were first cultivated for canning purposes in 1937, a State Hawaii was proposed and rejected by Congress on the mixed population of the territory and the distance from the mainland of the United States were among the obstacles.
Dec. 7, 1941, Japanese planes made a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, plunging the United States into World War During the war, the Hawaiian Islands were the main base of the Pacific to US forces and were under the law martial December 7, 1941 in March 1943.

The years after the war ushered in significant economic and social developments have expanded dramatically unionism labor, marked by major strikes in 1946, 1949 and 1958 International Longshore and Warehouse s organized the waterfront , sugar and pineapple workers tourism, which had significant proportions in the 1930s, has expanded again with the progress of the post-war in air travel, and with the investment and development boom of the Construction led the construction of new luxury hotels and housing; Hawaii is home to one of the most expensive resort in the world built, the Hyatt Regency Waikola, which cost 360 million to build.
After searching for a state for many decades, Hawaii was finally admitted to the Union 21 August 1959 although it was initially thought to be solidly Republican state has long been a bastion of democratic movements for return of a kind of native sovereignty were regularly active.
In September 1992, the island of Kauai was devastated by Hurricane Iniki, the strongest hurricane hit the islands of Hawaii century, which benefited from sustained economic growth and population since the end of World War II World, saw both slow in the 1990s, tourism, the sugar industry, military spending, and Japanese investment in particularly important islands in the 1980s declined the election of Barack Obama as president 2008 marked the first time that someone born in Hawaii had been elected to office.
See J Michener, Hawaii 1959 The H Fuchs, Hawaii Pono A Social History of 1961; R S Kuykendall, the United flight 1938 Hawaiian 3 57; G Daws shoal of time 1968 S Carlquist, Hawaii A Natural History 1970; A W Lind, people of Hawaii 1980; J Moon, live with nature in Hawaii 1987; J F Siler, Lost Kingdom in 2012.
rich history of Hawaii, tropical climate and beautiful scenery have made tourism the leading source of income in the state so that agricultural products and military bases also contribute to the growth of the economic base in Hawaii, the visitors islands spend millions each year to enjoy the Hawaiian culture and climate.

Of the 132 Hawaiian Islands located in the northern Pacific Ocean are the eight largest Hawaii, Maui, Oahu, Kauai, Molokai, Lanai, Kahoolawe and Niihau All the islands were formed by volcanic eruptions Mauna Loa on the island Hawaii is the largest active volcano in the world because of volcanic eruptions, the land of Hawaii and the vegetation has changed over the years, there are only a few species of non-native trees to the environment most unique trees and flowers were brought to the islands to other parts worldwide since the 1800s more than half of the vegetation is considered endangered and is protected by the government.
Polynesians from Southeast Asia or the Marquesa Islands in the South Pacific were the first to arrive in the Hawaiian Islands, upcoming canoe there between 1000 and 1400 years In 1778, Captain James Cook in 1728 1779 an English navigator, was the first Westerner to see the Hawaiian Islands When he saw Oahu and the surrounding islands, he named the Sandwich Islands after the fourth Earl of Sandwich, John Montagu 1718 1792 the islands were ruled by leaders in a class system called kapu But the Kapu system would eventually be destroyed European and American influences diluted Aboriginal culture.
After the landing of Captain Cook, visitors to the islands were rare until 1786, when ships from England Spain France Russia and the United States have found that Hawaii was a convenient stop for water and supplies on the trade route between Asia and North America during these early years, the natives were able to sell sandalwood, first marketable natural resource Hawaii, aliens for money and property in the 1820s the demand for whale oil grew whaling was an important source of revenue Hawaii until 1860, when there were fewer whales to hunt for oil and coal took place of whale oil for fuel, and England stopped hunting during the Civil war 1861 1865 during these years, Protestant and Roman Catholic missionaries arrived on the islands to spread the e Christianity and help establish public schools, a newspaper, a legislature, and first sugar plantation.
During the 1850s, Chinese workers were brought to the islands under five-year contracts to work on the sugar cane plantations Hawaiian Some left Hawaii after their labor contracts expired, but others stayed and opened successful small businesses More workers need the sugar industry grew, so Polynesians were brought to Hawaii in 1859 to the late 1860s Japanese workers arrived in the 1870 German and Portuguese immigrants worked in sugar plantations.
After the Civil War sugar became the main source of revenue for Hawaii As pioneers moved west in the United States, they provided a market for almost all sugar produced in Hawaii American sugar planters became powerful on islands in pressing for a trade agreement with the US in 1875, the United States lifted a tax on sugar supplies in the US which reduced the price of sugar for Americans and solidified the market Hawaiian sugar grown in return, Hawaii has only allowed the United States to use its ports.

Americans have a growing influence and power in the Hawaiian politics and society in 1891, Queen Liliuokalani took the throne and made efforts to restore Hawaii's indigenous peoples Unfortunately, visitors brought with them diseases which proved fatal to the natives, including smallpox, leprosy, cholera, and measles in 1778, there were almost 300 000 native to the islands, but by the 1890s, there were less than 60 000 and most of the country and the power was held and controlled by foreigners.
Two years later, led European and American revolution overthrew Queen Liliuokalani, and a provisional government was formed, led by Sanford B Dole The new leaders immediately requested annexation by the United States, but were refused by President Grover Cleveland 1885 1889, 1893 1897, an opponent of the government of the expansion of the United States Hawaii then drafted its own constitution July 4, 1894, and proclaimed the Republic of Hawaii, with Dole as president on August 12 1898, Hawaii was recognized as an independent country, and Dole became Hawaii's first governor in June 1900, some sugar plantation owners have made huge fortunes over the territorial years and became the most influential powers of the Hawaiian politics, society and the business community.
In the early 1900s the pineapple industry was launched by James D Dole's cousin Sanford Dole second business income generated pineapple for the sugar harvest new immigrant groups came from Puerto Rico Korea and the Philippines to work in the plantations Meanwhile, the United States has increased its military presence in Hawaii Fort Shafter was the first built and in 1908 a naval base was built on Pearl Harbor; Others soon followed in 1990, military bases would cover 25 percent of the land.
Hawaii has become more accessible to the world that communication and transport developed in the 1920s and 1930s radio and telephone systems were brought to the islands and the planes could transport people and Hawaiian goods became a convenient stop between continents for air travel and on the continent, the Great depression 1929 1939 brought many people work in Hawaii people have stopped buying and the pineapple travelers stopped vacationing in Hawaii, which significantly affected the economy of Hawaii.
In the midst of World War II 1939 1945, December 7, 1941, the Japanese attacked the Hawaiian port of Pearl Harbor Fleet The US Pacific was severely damaged, and Hawaii was placed under martial law because of distrust Hawaiians thousands of Japanese citizens who were living Japanese heritage in Western countries such as California and Oregon were arrested and sent to internment camps in Hawaii, however, where 40 percent of the population was Japanese, it was decided not to move the Japanese because they were integral to the economy of Hawaii Servicemen stationed in Hawaii doubled the population of the territory in four years that Hawaii has become the central place Pacific war operations.
After the Second World War 1939 1945 efforts taken to obtain a state for President Dwight D. Hawaii

1953 1961 Eisenhower signed the bill to let Hawaii enter the Union March 18, 1959, and Hawaii became the fiftieth state August 21, 1959, after the war, the tourism industry in Hawaii has grown as additional airports, built during the war, allowed more air traffic flight was cheaper than ship prices, and allowed more people to travel as the number of visitors increased, so, too, did the construction company that hotels and shopping centers were built.
In the 1980s, the service industry employed 80 percent of state workers in tourism from 1990 was the largest industry in Hawaii, with over 100,000 visitors in daily Islands, and revenues of more than 4 billion a year of government was the second largest industry in Hawaii, with over 65,000 employees of the Ministry of Defense of manufactured goods representing about 5 percent of the gross income of the State of Hawaii, sugar production more importantly, with the production of pineapples second other products made in Hawaii are macadamia nuts, clothes, and stone, clay and glass products.
The population of Hawaii continued to grow rapidly after reaching a state, mainly by the Asian migration and the American continent since the early 1970s, about 40 000 people have moved to Hawaii, however, the continental States States each year, almost half, were soldiers stationed there temporarily while in service between 1980 and 1990, the Hawaiian population increased by 15 percent, and according to the 1990 census of the United States, nearly four-fifths of the population lived on Oahu in metropolitan Honolulu is the state capital.
While the number of inhabitants has increased the annual income has increased at a much lower rate than the national average, although the cost of living in Hawaii is much higher than on the mainland of the United States between 1995 and 1996, Hawaii saw just a 1 7 percent revenue increase, compared to the national average percent 4 5 of the average income in Hawaii was listed as 25159 Hawaii tax rate on personal income is one the highest in the nation, ranging from two to ten percent in 1995, 10 3 percent of Hawaii's residents live below the federal poverty level.

Beckwith, Hawaiian Mythology Martha Honolulu University Press, 1982.
Tabrah Ruth Hawaii, A Bicentennial History in New York Norton, 1980.
Thompson, Kathleen Hawaii Portrait of America Steck-Vaughn Publishing, 1996.
Worldmark Encyclopedia of Detroit Gale Research states, 1998, c is Hawaii.

Hawaii Island in 1990 pop 120217, 4037 sq mi 10456 square kilometers, the largest island and the southernmost state of Hawaii and co coextensive Hawaii; known as the Big Island Geologically the youngest of the Hawaiian group, Hawaii is composed of three masses of volcanic mountains rising from the floor of the Pacific Ocean Mauna Kea 13796 ft 4205 m, the highest point in the state; Mauna Loa with immense Kilauea crater; Hualalai and Lava flows, some to the sea and volcanic ash cover parts of the island, the north and northeast coasts are robust with high cliffs; the west and south coasts are generally low, with some good swimming beaches A rare black sand beach is located on the southeast coast of short rivers radiate the major summits; Wailuku River, the longest, flows into Hilo Bay Many waterfalls are on the island of Hawaii has a wet tropical climate with the northern slopes and received the most rain the western and southern slopes are much drier; Desert Kau is S Hawaii temperatures decrease with increasing; Mauna Loa and Mauna Kea are usually covered with snow in winter Vegetation varies from tropical forests to grasslands in barren volcanic areas Sugarcane and pineapple are the main products of the island Kona district of Hawaii W is the coffee belt states STATES and is also known for its spas and offshore deep sea fishing Hilo on the east coast, is the largest city of the island and the main port and is the county seat a highway linking the coastal cities, encircles island in the Bay Kealakekua there is a monument to captain James Cook, the first British explorer to visit the islands in 1778 Hawaii National Park Hawaii Volcanoes Pu uhonua o Honaunau National historical Park are in Hawaii to see national parks and Landmarks table Everywhere are the ancient temples of the island.
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Kahoolawe h k l v, w, h k l uninhabited island, 45 sq mi 117 sq km, Hawaii plants; separated from Maui to NE by Alalakeiki channel Low island, dotted with numerous archaeological sites, served as a prison and a military target range in 1994, the federal government returned Kahoolawe to the state, but until in 2003, the US navy continued to control access to the island while he removes unexploded ordnance island and its waters are managed by the Commission subject to the Kahoolawe island and are held in trust for future Hawaiian sovereign entity.
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